Tense: tense
Tense is a feature that specifies the time when the action took / takes / will take place, in relation to the current moment or to another action in the utterance.
Past: past tense
The past tense denotes actions that happened before the current moment. Past tense in Czech consists of the past participle (also called active participle or l-participle), which is accompanied by a present auxiliary verb in the first and second persons, and stands alone in the third person.
The auxiliary (if any) is in its present form, so it will have Tense=Pres.
The participle has Tense=Past, even though it can also be used to form present conditional.
Examples
- Я ушёл домой. “I have gone home.”
- Ты ушёл домой. “You have gone home.”
- Он ушёл домой. “He has gone home.”
Pres: present tense
The present tense denotes actions that are happening right now or that usually happen.
Note that morphologically present forms of perfective verbs have actually a future meaning
but they will still be marked Tense=Pres.
Examples
- Прихожу домой. “I come / am coming home.” (Přicházet is an imperfective verb.)
- Приду домой. “I will come home.” (Přijít is a perfective verb.)
- Иду домой. “I go / am going home.” (Jít is an imperfective verb.)
Fut: future tense
The future tense denotes actions that will happen after the current moment. Future tense in Russian is formed in one of three ways, depending of the verb:
- Present forms of perfective verbs have future meaning. These forms are tagged
Tense=Pres, notTense=Fut(see above). - The verb быть “to be” has a set of distinct future forms. They combine a future stem буд with present suffixes.
A small set of verbs (mostly motion verbs) have also future forms. These are formed as the present form (present stem and suffix)
with the prefix по-.
Although these forms are morphologically very close to the present forms, they are tagged
Tense=Futbecause the same lemma has also present forms and the feature must distinguish the two. - The remaining imperfective verbs have periphrastic future forms, consiting of the future form of the auxiliary быть,
and the infinitive of the content verb. Only the auxiliary will have
Tense=Fut, while there will be no tense information at the infinitive.
Examples
- Пойду домой. “I will go home.” (Jít is an imperfective verb, phonological rule transformed the prefix po- to pů-.)
- Буду идти домой. “I will be coming home.” (Идти is an imperfective verb and it forms future periphrastically.)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 3 different values: Fut, Past, Pres.
7129 tokens (8%) have a non-empty value of Tense.
3666 types (13%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
1709 lemmas (10%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (6219; 7% instances), ru-pos/AUX (910; 1% instances).
VERB
6219 ru-pos/VERB tokens (85% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Tense co-occurred: Variant=EMPTY (5399; 87%), Number=Sing (4537; 73%), Person=EMPTY (4485; 72%), Animacy=EMPTY (4406; 71%), Case=EMPTY (4406; 71%), VerbForm=Fin (4389; 71%), Mood=Ind (4389; 71%), Aspect=Imp (3223; 52%), Voice=EMPTY (3165; 51%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Tense:
Fut(74; 1% of non-emptyTense): сможет, будет, поможет, начнутся, рассмотрим, смогут, Наложим, Покажем, Предположим, СорвемPast(4104; 66% of non-emptyTense): получил, родился, было, начал, работал, окончил, был, род., участвовал, былиPres(2041; 33% of non-emptyTense): составляет, может, находится, входит, имеет, есть, занимает, могут, нет, состоитEMPTY(1084): можно, быть, включая, начиная, заниматься, использовать, сделать, надо, найти, работать
| Paradigm БЫТЬ | Pres | Fut | Past |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | был | ||
| Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | была | ||
| Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | было | ||
| Number=Sing|Person=3 | есть, е. | будет | |
| Number=Plur|Person=3 | есть | ||
| Number=Plur | были |
AUX
910 ru-pos/AUX tokens (91% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Tense co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (890; 98%), Mood=Ind (890; 98%), Aspect=Imp (789; 87%), Person=EMPTY (755; 83%), Voice=EMPTY (750; 82%), Number=Sing (739; 81%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Tense:
Fut(34; 4% of non-emptyTense): будет, будут, станет, станут, покажетсяPast(754; 83% of non-emptyTense): был, было, были, была, стал, стала, стало, стали, являлся, являласьPres(122; 13% of non-emptyTense): является, являются, считается, оказывается, остаётся, считает, Don, Has, est, reEMPTY(93): это, быть, будучи, стать, став, считать, оставаясь, –, Be, Stay
| Paradigm БЫТЬ | Pres | Fut | Past |
|---|---|---|---|
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | бывшего | ||
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | бывшим | ||
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | бывшие | ||
| Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | был | ||
| Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | была | ||
| Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | было | ||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | есть | будет | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | будут | ||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Fin | были |
Relations with Agreement in Tense
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Tense:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (633; 92%),
VERB –[aux:pass]–> AUX (431; 95%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (195; 76%),
VERB –[acl:relcl]–> VERB (11; 61%),
VERB –[acl]–> VERB (6; 60%),
VERB –[csubj]–> VERB (3; 60%),
VERB –[discourse]–> VERB (2; 67%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (1; 100%),
VERB –[iobj]–> VERB (1; 100%),
VERB –[orphan]–> VERB (1; 100%).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 3 different values: Fut, Past, Pres.
95820 tokens (10%) have a non-empty value of Tense.
27095 types (25%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
5407 lemmas (14%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (89227; 9% instances), ru-pos/AUX (6593; 1% instances).
VERB
89227 ru-pos/VERB tokens (81% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Tense co-occurred: Case=EMPTY (77658; 87%), VerbForm=Fin (69379; 78%), Mood=Ind (69379; 78%), Voice=Act (58120; 65%), Number=Sing (56361; 63%), Gender=EMPTY (55667; 62%), Person=EMPTY (54063; 61%), Aspect=Imp (52179; 58%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Tense:
Fut(5180; 6% of non-emptyTense): скажем, станет, придется, сможет, удастся, смогут, окажется, позволит, пойдет, станутPast(46910; 53% of non-emptyTense): было, стал, сказал, стало, стали, мог, заявил, могли, удалось, сталаPres(37137; 42% of non-emptyTense): может, есть, нет, могут, является, говорит, стоит, идет, имеет, происходитEMPTY(21514): быть, сделать, сказать, делать, говорить, работать, получить, стать, иметь, понять
| Paradigm мочь | Pres | Fut | Past |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aspect=Imp|Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part | могущую | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Case=Gen|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part | могущих | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part | могущие | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | мог | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | могла | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | могло | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | могу | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | можешь | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | может | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | можем | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | можете | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | могут | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Fin | могли | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | смог | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | смогла | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | смогло | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | смогу | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | сможешь | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | сможет | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | сможем | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | сможете | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | смогут | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Fin | смогли |
AUX
6593 ru-pos/AUX tokens (91% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Tense co-occurred: Aspect=Imp (6593; 100%), Voice=Act (6593; 100%), Mood=Ind (6547; 99%), VerbForm=Fin (6547; 99%), Number=Sing (4865; 74%), Person=EMPTY (4732; 72%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Tense:
Past(4691; 71% of non-emptyTense): было, был, были, была, бывшие, бывший, бывшемPres(1902; 29% of non-emptyTense): будет, будут, есть, будем, буду, будучи, будете, будешь, сутьEMPTY(673): быть, будь, будьте
| Paradigm быть | Pres | Past |
|---|---|---|
| Case=Loc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part | бывшем | |
| Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part | бывший | |
| Case=Nom|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part | бывшие | |
| Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | был | |
| Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | была | |
| Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | было | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | буду, есть | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | будешь | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | будет, есть | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | будем | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | будете, есть | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | будут, есть, суть | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Fin | были | |
| VerbForm=Conv | будучи |
Relations with Agreement in Tense
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Tense:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (9525; 85%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (1812; 51%),
VERB –[aux:pass]–> AUX (1641; 71%),
VERB –[advmod]–> VERB (87; 56%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (19; 100%),
VERB –[amod]–> VERB (17; 94%),
VERB –[cc]–> VERB (12; 86%),
AUX –[cop]–> AUX (7; 100%),
VERB –[acl:relcl]–> VERB (3; 60%),
AUX –[aux]–> AUX (2; 100%).
Tense in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]