Tense: tense
Tense is an inflectional feature of nouns and auxiliaries that specifies the time when the action took / takes / will take place, in relation to the current moment or to another action in the utterance. In Slovenian, only Present tense and Future tense can be expressed morphologically, while past tense is formed syntactically, by a combination of a present auxiliary verb biti “to be” and past participle (l-participle), e.g. sem šel “I went”.
Pres: present tense
The present tense denotes actions that are happening right now or that usually happen.
Examples
- vem “I know”, veš “you know”, ve “he/she/it knows” etc.
- Študiram jezike. “I study languages.”
Fut: future tense
The future tense denotes actions that will happen after the current moment. Simmilarly to past tense, future tense for most Slovenian verbs is formed by a combination of future auxiliary verb biti “to be “ and l-participle (bom hodil “I will walk”). Thus, the Tense=Fut feature is only to biti that can either be used as a content or auxiliary verb.
Examples:
- bom “I will”, boš “you will”, bo “he/she/it will” etc.
- Sestanek bo jutri. “The meeting will be held tomorrow”.
- Vrnila se bo čez en teden. “She will come back in a week.”
Conversion from JOS
All verbs with VForm=present are converted to UD Tense=Pres and all verbs with VForm=future are converted to UD Ťense=Fut. We do not assign tense to other verb forms, such as participle, infinitive, supine, conditional and imperative.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Fut, Pres.
12775 tokens (10%) have a non-empty value of Tense.
2318 types (8%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
1257 lemmas (8%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: sl-pos/AUX (7447; 6% instances), sl-pos/VERB (5328; 4% instances).
AUX
7447 sl-pos/AUX tokens (83% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Tense co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (7447; 100%), Mood=Ind (7447; 100%), Polarity=Pos (6890; 93%), Person=3 (6511; 87%), Number=Sing (5062; 68%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Tense:
Fut(888; 12% of non-emptyTense): bo, bodo, bomo, boste, bom, bosta, bova, bojo, bošPres(6559; 88% of non-emptyTense): je, so, ni, sem, sta, smo, niso, ste, nisem, svaEMPTY(1502): bi, bil, bila, bilo, bili, biti, bile, bodite, Bodi, b
| Paradigm biti | Pres | Fut |
|---|---|---|
| Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Neg | nisem | |
| Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos | sem | bom |
| Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Neg | nisi | |
| Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos | si, as | boš |
| Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg | ni | |
| Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos | je | bo |
| Number=Dual|Person=1|Polarity=Neg | nisva | |
| Number=Dual|Person=1|Polarity=Pos | sva | bova |
| Number=Dual|Person=2|Polarity=Pos | sta | bosta |
| Number=Dual|Person=3|Polarity=Neg | nista | |
| Number=Dual|Person=3|Polarity=Pos | sta | bosta |
| Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Neg | nismo | |
| Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos | smo | bomo |
| Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Neg | niste | |
| Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Pos | ste | boste |
| Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Neg | niso | |
| Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos | so | bodo, bojo |
VERB
5328 sl-pos/VERB tokens (41% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Tense co-occurred: Mood=Ind (5328; 100%), Gender=EMPTY (5328; 100%), VerbForm=Fin (5328; 100%), Person=3 (4123; 77%), Number=Sing (3271; 61%), Aspect=Imp (3022; 57%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Tense:
Fut(83; 2% of non-emptyTense): bo, bodo, boste, bomPres(5245; 98% of non-emptyTense): je, ima, ni, gre, imajo, so, mora, pomeni, zdi, moramoEMPTY(7703): bilo, bila, imel, moral, morali, povedal, imeli, bil, imela, morala
| Paradigm biti | Pres | Fut |
|---|---|---|
| Aspect=Imp|Number=Plur|Person=3 | bijejo | |
| Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Neg | nisem | |
| Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos | sem | bom |
| Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Neg | nisi | |
| Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos | si | |
| Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg | ni | |
| Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos | je | bo |
| Number=Dual|Person=1|Polarity=Pos | Sva | |
| Number=Dual|Person=3|Polarity=Pos | sta | |
| Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Neg | nismo | |
| Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos | smo | |
| Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Neg | niste | |
| Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Pos | ste | boste |
| Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Neg | niso | |
| Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos | so | bodo |
Tense seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 100% lemmas (1256) occur only with one value of Tense.
Relations with Agreement in Tense
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Tense:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (379; 73%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (238; 50%),
AUX –[conj]–> VERB (1; 100%),
VERB –[fixed]–> VERB (1; 100%).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian-SST)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Fut, Pres.
2597 tokens (13%) have a non-empty value of Tense.
525 types (12%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
329 lemmas (11%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: sl-pos/VERB (1507; 8% instances), sl-pos/AUX (1090; 6% instances).
VERB
1507 sl-pos/VERB tokens (58% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Tense co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (1507; 100%), Gender=EMPTY (1507; 100%), Mood=Ind (1507; 100%), Number=Sing (1106; 73%), Polarity=EMPTY (1008; 67%), Person=3 (812; 54%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Tense:
Fut(48; 3% of non-emptyTense): bo, bom, boš, bomo, bodo, bojo, bosta, bovaPres(1459; 97% of non-emptyTense): je, veš, vem, mislim, ni, so, ima, gre, imamo, imajoEMPTY(1074): bilo, recimo, bil, imela, imel, imeli, rekel, daj, bila, rekli
| Paradigm biti | Pres | Fut |
|---|---|---|
| Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Neg | nisem | |
| Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos | sem | bom |
| Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos | si | boš |
| Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg | ni | |
| Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos | je | bo |
| Number=Dual|Person=1|Polarity=Pos | sva | bova |
| Number=Dual|Person=3|Polarity=Pos | sta | bosta |
| Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Neg | nismo | |
| Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos | smo | bomo |
| Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Neg | niste | |
| Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Pos | ste | |
| Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Neg | niso | |
| Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos | so | bodo, bojo |
Tense seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 100% lemmas (328) occur only with one value of Tense.
AUX
1090 sl-pos/AUX tokens (86% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Tense co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (1090; 100%), Mood=Ind (1090; 100%), Polarity=Pos (1017; 93%), Number=Sing (765; 70%), Person=3 (730; 67%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Tense:
Fut(151; 14% of non-emptyTense): bo, bomo, bom, boš, boste, bodo, bova, bojo, bostaPres(939; 86% of non-emptyTense): je, so, sem, smo, ni, si, ste, nisem, nismo, staEMPTY(177): bi, bil, bila, bilo, bili, biti, bodite
| Paradigm biti | Pres | Fut |
|---|---|---|
| Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Neg | nisem | |
| Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos | sem | bom |
| Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Neg | nisi | |
| Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos | si | boš |
| Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg | ni | |
| Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos | je, biti | bo |
| Number=Dual|Person=1|Polarity=Neg | nisva | |
| Number=Dual|Person=1|Polarity=Pos | sva | bova |
| Number=Dual|Person=3|Polarity=Pos | sta | bosta |
| Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Neg | nismo | |
| Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos | smo | bomo |
| Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Neg | niste | |
| Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Pos | ste | boste |
| Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Neg | niso | |
| Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos | so | bodo, bojo |
Relations with Agreement in Tense
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Tense:
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (127; 54%),
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (85; 71%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (60; 64%),
VERB –[parataxis:discourse]–> VERB (40; 55%),
VERB –[reparandum]–> VERB (27; 84%),
VERB –[csubj]–> VERB (13; 52%),
VERB –[dislocated]–> VERB (2; 67%),
AUX –[reparandum]–> VERB (2; 100%),
AUX –[reparandum]–> AUX (1; 100%).
Tense in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]