Aspect: aspect
Aspect is a lexical feature of verbs that specifies the duration and completion of action in time.
Slovenian grammar distinguishes two aspect values: imperfect and perfect. Pairs of imperfective and perfective verbs exist and are often morphologically related, but the verbs are considered to belong to separate lemmas.
Imp: imperfect aspect
The action took / takes / will take some time span and there is no information whether and when it was / will be completed.
- Danes se ni zgodilo nič posebnega. “Nothing special has happened today.”
Perf: perfect aspect
The action has been / will have been completed. Since there is emphasis on one point on the time scale (the point of completion).
- Pogosto se je dogajalo, da je zamujal. “It often happened he was late.”
Verbs without Aspect
Verbs without Aspect are considered to be biaspectual, i.e. they can either denote duration or completion, but their actual interpretation depends on the context.
- Takoj sem telefoniral na policijo. “I called the police immediately”
- Cel dan sem telefoniral, a se nihče ni javil. “I have been calling all day, but no one answered.”
Conversion from JOS
Verbs with Aspect=perfective are converted to Aspect=Perf, verbs with Aspect=imperfective are converted Aspect=Imp and verbs with Aspect=biaspectual are not assigned the Aspect feature.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Imp, Perf.
11189 tokens (9%) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
5711 types (20%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
2111 lemmas (13%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
The feature is used with 1 part-of-speech tags: sl-pos/VERB (11189; 9% instances).
VERB
11189 sl-pos/VERB tokens (86% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Aspect co-occurred: Tense=EMPTY (6952; 62%), Mood=EMPTY (6712; 60%), Person=EMPTY (6712; 60%), Number=Sing (6033; 54%), VerbForm=Part (5614; 50%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(5354; 48% of non-emptyAspect): ima, imajo, mora, imel, moral, morali, imeli, zdi, imela, moramoPerf(5835; 52% of non-emptyAspect): povedal, dejal, zgodilo, začeli, rekel, uspelo, postal, začela, dobili, začelEMPTY(1842): je, bilo, ni, gre, bo, so, bila, pomeni, bil, pravi
| Paradigm misliti | Imp | Perf |
|---|---|---|
| Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part | mislil | |
| Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part | mislili | |
| Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part | mislila | |
| Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part | mislilo | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | mislim, Mislm | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | misli, misl | misl |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | mislimo | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | mislijo | |
| VerbForm=Inf | misliti |
Aspect seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 100% lemmas (2108) occur only with one value of Aspect.
Relations with Agreement in Aspect
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Aspect:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (728; 60%),
VERB –[fixed]–> VERB (1; 100%).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian-SST)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Imp, Perf.
1876 tokens (10%) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
974 types (21%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
534 lemmas (17%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: sl-pos/VERB (1874; 10% instances), sl-pos/AUX (2; 0% instances).
VERB
1874 sl-pos/VERB tokens (73% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Aspect co-occurred: Polarity=EMPTY (1735; 93%), Gender=EMPTY (1255; 67%), Number=Sing (1165; 62%), VerbForm=Fin (1119; 60%), Mood=Ind (988; 53%), Tense=Pres (988; 53%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(1083; 58% of non-emptyAspect): veš, vem, mislim, ima, imamo, imajo, imela, imaš, zdi, imatePerf(791; 42% of non-emptyAspect): recimo, rekel, daj, rekli, da, rekla, pride, dobil, dali, dašEMPTY(707): je, bilo, ni, so, bo, bil, gre, pravi, si, bom
| Paradigm pasti | Imp | Perf |
|---|---|---|
| Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part | padel | |
| Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part | pasli | |
| Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part | padle | |
| VerbForm=Inf | pasti |
Aspect seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 100% lemmas (533) occur only with one value of Aspect.
AUX
2 sl-pos/AUX tokens (0% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Aspect co-occurred: Polarity=EMPTY (2; 100%), Person=EMPTY (2; 100%), VerbForm=Part (2; 100%), Number=Sing (2; 100%), Tense=EMPTY (2; 100%), Mood=EMPTY (2; 100%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(2; 100% of non-emptyAspect): bil, biloEMPTY(1265): je, so, sem, bi, smo, bo, ni, si, bomo, ste
Relations with Agreement in Aspect
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Aspect:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (88; 51%),
VERB –[parataxis:discourse]–> VERB (46; 52%),
VERB –[reparandum]–> VERB (21; 78%).
Aspect in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]