Aspect: aspect
Aspect
Aspect is a feature that specifies duration of the action in time, whether the action has been completed etc.
In Bulgarian aspect is a lexical feature, as in other Slavic languages. It comprises two grammemes: perfective and imperfective.
Imp: imperfect aspect
The action took / takes / will take some time span and there is no information whether and when it was / will be completed.
Examples
- казвам / kazvam “say”
- намирам / namiram “find”
- разбирам / razbiram “understand”
Perf: perfect aspect
The action has been / will have been completed. Since there is emphasis on one point on the time scale (the point of completion), this aspect does not work well with the present tense for actual activities.
Examples
- кажа / kazha “say”
- намеря / namerya “find”
- разбера / razbera “understand”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Bulgarian)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Imp, Perf.
20743 tokens (15%) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
7415 types (30%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
2835 lemmas (20%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: bg-pos/VERB (15492; 11% instances), bg-pos/AUX (3916; 3% instances), bg-pos/ADJ (1335; 1% instances).
VERB
15492 bg-pos/VERB tokens (100% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Aspect co-occurred: Voice=Act (14262; 92%), Gender=EMPTY (13829; 89%), Definite=EMPTY (13068; 84%), VerbForm=Fin (13068; 84%), Mood=Ind (12832; 83%), Number=Sing (10842; 70%), Person=3 (10650; 69%), Tense=Pres (8879; 57%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(8147; 53% of non-emptyAspect): има, може, няма, трябва, е, могат, имат, става, иска, нямашеPerf(7345; 47% of non-emptyAspect): каза, съобщи, заяви, стана, обяви, направи, дойде, съобщиха, предаде, реши
| Paradigm дойда | Imp | Perf |
|---|---|---|
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | дошъл | |
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | дошла | |
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | дошло | |
| Definite=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | дошли | |
| Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | ела | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | Дойдох | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | дойда | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | дойде | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | дойдеш | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | дойде | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | дойде | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | дойдохме | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | дойдоха | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | дойдат |
Aspect seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 98% lemmas (2589) occur only with one value of Aspect.
AUX
3916 bg-pos/AUX tokens (50% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Aspect co-occurred: Mood=Ind (3816; 97%), Voice=Act (3816; 97%), VerbForm=Fin (3705; 95%), Person=3 (3342; 85%), Tense=Pres (3029; 77%), Number=Sing (2795; 71%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(3586; 92% of non-emptyAspect): е, са, бе, беше, бяха, съм, сме, бил, били, сиPerf(330; 8% of non-emptyAspect): бъде, бъдат, бъдем, бъдеш, бъда, бъдетеEMPTY(3986): да, ще, е, бъдат, са, беше, бъде, съм
ADJ
1335 bg-pos/ADJ tokens (11% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Aspect co-occurred: VerbForm=Part (1335; 100%), Degree=Pos (1080; 81%), Voice=Pass (867; 65%), Number=Sing (764; 57%), Definite=Ind (729; 55%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(389; 29% of non-emptyAspect): следващата, управляващите, следващите, следващия, водещи, предстоящата, предстоящите, присъстващите, следващото, броениPerf(946; 71% of non-emptyAspect): миналата, въоръжените, останалите, свързани, миналия, определени, цитиран, пострадали, обединена, определенEMPTY(10879): народното, други, българската, другите, нова, нови, последните, 2001, друг, европейската
| Paradigm фокусирам | Imp | Perf |
|---|---|---|
| Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | фокусираното | |
| Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur | фокусираните | |
| Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | фокусирано | |
| Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur | фокусирани | |
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | фокусирано |
Aspect seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 99% lemmas (630) occur only with one value of Aspect.
Relations with Agreement in Aspect
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Aspect:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (1171; 79%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (676; 57%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (184; 53%),
VERB –[csubj]–> VERB (80; 51%),
VERB –[fixed]–> VERB (24; 100%).
Aspect in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]