Aspect: aspect
| Values: | Imp | Perf |
Aspect is a feature that specifies duration of the action in time, whether the action has been completed etc.
In Czech, aspect is considered a lexical feature of verbs. While many imperfective verbs have morphologically related perfective counterparts, it is not a regular system and the two verbs are represented by different lemmas.
Imp: imperfect aspect
The action took / takes / will take some time span and there is no information whether and when it was / will be completed.
Examples
- péci “to bake” (Imp); pekl chleba “he baked / was baking a bread”
Perf: perfect aspect
The action has been / will have been completed. Since there is emphasis on one point on the time scale (the point of completion), this aspect does not work well with the present tense. Czech morphology can create present forms of perfective verbs but these actually have a future meaning.
Examples
- upéci “to bake” (Perf); upekl chleba “he baked / has baked a bread”
Diffs
Prague Dependency Treebank
The PDT tagset does not encode aspect. However, verb lemmas in PDT contain their own features
that encode the aspect: _:T = Imp and _:W = Perf. These lemma features were removed
during conversion, and the Aspect feature was introduced instead.
Unfortunately the morphological lexicon underlying the PDT annotation is incomplete and numerous verbs lack the aspect information. Without this imperfection there would be only a tiny group of verbs that work with both aspects.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Imp, Perf.
81261 tokens (6%) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
20372 types (17%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
6258 lemmas (11%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
The feature is used with 5 part-of-speech tags: cs-pos/VERB (72285; 5% instances), cs-pos/ADJ (8816; 1% instances), cs-pos/AUX (157; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances).
VERB
72285 cs-pos/VERB tokens (60% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Aspect co-occurred: Polarity=Pos (67218; 93%), Voice=Act (56761; 79%), Gender=EMPTY (46342; 64%), Mood=EMPTY (41054; 57%), Person=EMPTY (41054; 57%), Number=Sing (36203; 50%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(41657; 58% of non-emptyAspect): říká, patří, znamená, tvrdí, představuje, uvádí, snaží, tvoří, nabízí, považujePerf(30628; 42% of non-emptyAspect): řekl, prohlásil, podařilo, získat, dodal, sdělil, říci, získal, oznámil, rozhodlEMPTY(47387): má, je, může, měl, mají, musí, jde, měla, lze, jsou
| Paradigm říci | Imp | Perf |
|---|---|---|
| Animacy=Anim|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | neřekli | |
| Animacy=Anim|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | řekli | |
| Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | řekly | |
| Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | neřekl | |
| Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | řekl | |
| Gender=Fem,Neut|Number=Plur,Sing|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | neřekla | |
| Gender=Fem,Neut|Number=Plur,Sing|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | řekla | |
| Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | neřeklo | |
| Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | řeklo | |
| Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Fin | Řekni | |
| Mood=Imp|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Fin | řekněme | |
| Mood=Imp|Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Fin | Řekněte | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | neřeknu | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | řeknu | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | neřekne | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | řekne | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | řekneme | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | řeknete | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | neřeknou | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | řeknou | |
| Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Conv|Voice=Act | řkouce | |
| Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Inf | říci, říct |
Aspect seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 100% lemmas (4368) occur only with one value of Aspect.
ADJ
8816 cs-pos/ADJ tokens (5% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Aspect co-occurred: Degree=EMPTY (8816; 100%), Polarity=Pos (8666; 98%), Animacy=EMPTY (5549; 63%), Case=EMPTY (4852; 55%), Number=Sing (4792; 54%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(5351; 61% of non-emptyAspect): rozhodující, vedoucí, následující, týkající, vynikající, odpovídající, rostoucí, žijící, kupující, považovánPerf(3465; 39% of non-emptyAspect): řečeno, připraven, přesvědčen, připravena, rozhodnuto, založena, zvolen, stanovena, obviněn, zahájenaEMPTY(159982): první, další, české, druhé, nové, státní, poslední, dalších, vlastní, možné
Aspect seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (1885) occur only with one value of Aspect.
AUX
157 cs-pos/AUX tokens (0% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Aspect co-occurred: Voice=Act (157; 100%), Polarity=Pos (141; 90%), Tense=Pres (130; 83%), Gender=EMPTY (126; 80%), Mood=Ind (122; 78%), VerbForm=Fin (122; 78%), Person=3 (122; 78%), Number=Sing (103; 66%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(157; 100% of non-emptyAspect): bývá, bývají, nebývá, býval, bývala, bývalo, bývaly, jsouce, nebývají, jsaEMPTY(36181): je, by, jsou, bude, byl, být, jsem, jsme, bylo, byla
NOUN
2 cs-pos/NOUN tokens (0% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Aspect co-occurred: Gender=Neut (2; 100%), Polarity=Pos (2; 100%), Number=Sing (2; 100%), Animacy=EMPTY (2; 100%).
NOUN tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Perf(2; 100% of non-emptyAspect): rozlišení, vyhověníEMPTY(329116): roku, korun, let, roce, procent, společnosti, době, strany, případě, firmy
ADP
1 cs-pos/ADP tokens (0% of all ADP tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADP and Aspect co-occurred: Case=EMPTY (1; 100%), AdpType=Comprep (1; 100%).
ADP tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(1; 100% of non-emptyAspect): NehleděEMPTY(129365): v, na, o, z, s, do, k, ve, pro, za
Relations with Agreement in Aspect
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Aspect:
ADJ –[orphan]–> ADJ (4; 67%),
VERB –[mark]–> VERB (1; 100%).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CAC)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Imp, Perf.
28898 tokens (6%) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
10936 types (18%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
4149 lemmas (15%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
The feature is used with 5 part-of-speech tags: cs-pos/VERB (24299; 5% instances), cs-pos/ADJ (4496; 1% instances), cs-pos/AUX (89; 0% instances), cs-pos/CCONJ (9; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN (5; 0% instances).
VERB
24299 cs-pos/VERB tokens (61% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Aspect co-occurred: Polarity=Pos (22918; 94%), Voice=Act (18900; 78%), Gender=EMPTY (18437; 76%), VerbForm=Fin (13215; 54%), Tense=Pres (13068; 54%), Mood=Ind (13032; 54%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(16729; 69% of non-emptyAspect): patří, tvoří, znamená, odpovídá, mění, stává, dochází, představuje, ukazuje, říkáPerf(7570; 31% of non-emptyAspect): zajistit, podařilo, vytvořit, vyjádřit, vysvětlit, získat, stanoví, splnit, viz, odstranitEMPTY(15251): je, má, mají, musí, může, jde, lze, jsou, mohou, můžeme
Aspect seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 100% lemmas (2959) occur only with one value of Aspect.
ADJ
4496 cs-pos/ADJ tokens (6% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Aspect co-occurred: Degree=EMPTY (4496; 100%), Polarity=Pos (4456; 99%), Animacy=EMPTY (2678; 60%), Case=EMPTY (2400; 53%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(2942; 65% of non-emptyAspect): pracujících, rozhodující, pracující, vedoucí, odpovídající, následující, věnována, týkající, řídící, vyplývajícíPerf(1554; 35% of non-emptyAspect): splněny, zahájena, založena, splněn, stanovena, stanoveny, vybudována, připraveny, vypracován, zaměstnánEMPTY(68682): další, pracovní, první, jednotlivých, základní, nové, možno, socialistické, různých, dalších
Aspect seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (1188) occur only with one value of Aspect.
AUX
89 cs-pos/AUX tokens (1% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Aspect co-occurred: Voice=Act (87; 98%), Polarity=Pos (83; 93%), Gender=EMPTY (76; 85%), Tense=Pres (74; 83%), Person=3 (73; 82%), Mood=Ind (73; 82%), VerbForm=Fin (73; 82%), Number=Sing (67; 75%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(88; 99% of non-emptyAspect): bývá, bývají, býval, bývalo, nebývá, bývaly, jsouc, nebývají, pěstovat, připadáPerf(1; 1% of non-emptyAspect): byvšeEMPTY(13853): je, by, jsou, bude, byl, bylo, být, byla, jsme, není
| Paradigm být | Imp | Perf |
|---|---|---|
| Gender=Fem,Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | jsouc | |
| Number=Plur|Tense=Past | byvše |
CCONJ
9 cs-pos/CCONJ tokens (0% of all CCONJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
CCONJ tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(9; 100% of non-emptyAspect): buďEMPTY(23621): a, i, nebo, ale, však, ani, či, tak, neboť, jednak
NOUN
5 cs-pos/NOUN tokens (0% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Aspect co-occurred: Number=Plur (5; 100%), Gender=Fem (5; 100%), Case=Gen (5; 100%), Animacy=EMPTY (5; 100%), Polarity=Pos (5; 100%).
NOUN tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(1; 20% of non-emptyAspect): tváříPerf(4; 80% of non-emptyAspect): opravEMPTY(133154): práce, roce, let, roku, práci, oblasti, době, společnosti, hlediska, činnosti
Relations with Agreement in Aspect
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Aspect:
ADJ –[advmod]–> ADJ (1; 100%).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CLTT)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 1 different values: Imp.
215 tokens (1%) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
66 types (2%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
40 lemmas (2%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
The feature is used with 1 part-of-speech tags: cs-pos/ADJ (215; 1% instances).
ADJ
215 cs-pos/ADJ tokens (5% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Aspect co-occurred: Degree=EMPTY (215; 100%), Polarity=Pos (215; 100%), Number=Sing (132; 61%), Animacy=EMPTY (122; 57%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(215; 100% of non-emptyAspect): konsolidující, zanikající, související, následujícího, předcházejícímu, přejímající, řídících, následujícímu, souvisejících, předcházejícíEMPTY(4440): účetní, účetních, účetního, konsolidované, finanční, účetním, povinny, obchodního, ostatní, peněžních
Aspect seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (40) occur only with one value of Aspect.
Aspect in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]