Voice: voice
| Values: | Act | Pass |
Voice is a feature of verbs that helps map the traditional syntactic functions, such as subject and object, to semantic roles, such as agent and patient.
Act: active voice
The subject of the verb is the doer of the action (agent), the object is affected by the action (patient).
All finite verb forms and the active/past participles are tagged Voice=Act.
Examples
- Napadli jsme nepřítele. “We attacked the enemy” (the active participle napadli can be used to form either past tense or conditional mood; here it forms the past tense.)
Pass: passive voice
The subject of the verb is affected by the action (patient). The doer (agent) is either unexpressed or it appears as an object of the verb.
Only the passive participle is tagged Voice=Pass.
Examples
- Jsme napadeni nepřítelem. “We are attacked by the enemy” (the passive participle napadeni is used to form passive in all tenses; here it forms the present passive.)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Act, Pass.
136553 tokens (10%) have a non-empty value of Voice.
23230 types (19%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
7375 lemmas (13%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: cs-pos/VERB (97291; 7% instances), cs-pos/AUX (26833; 2% instances), cs-pos/ADJ (12429; 1% instances).
VERB
97291 cs-pos/VERB tokens (81% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: Polarity=Pos (86911; 89%), Number=Sing (61718; 63%), Gender=EMPTY (52717; 54%), VerbForm=Fin (52699; 54%), Mood=Ind (52699; 54%), Tense=Pres (52297; 54%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(97291; 100% of non-emptyVoice): má, je, může, řekl, měl, mají, musí, jde, měla, lzeEMPTY(22381): mít, získat, stát, být, hrát, říci, muset, platit, dělat, dostat
Voice seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 100% lemmas (4844) occur only with one value of Voice.
AUX
26833 cs-pos/AUX tokens (74% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Voice co-occurred: Polarity=Pos (24159; 90%), Gender=EMPTY (20821; 78%), VerbForm=Fin (20817; 78%), Mood=Ind (20817; 78%), Number=Sing (18653; 70%), Person=3 (17402; 65%), Tense=Pres (16854; 63%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(26833; 100% of non-emptyVoice): je, jsou, bude, byl, jsem, jsme, bylo, byla, není, budouEMPTY(9505): by, být, bychom, bych, byste, budiž, buďte, bys, býti, buď
ADJ
12429 cs-pos/ADJ tokens (7% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Voice co-occurred: Degree=EMPTY (12429; 100%), Polarity=Pos (12249; 99%), Case=EMPTY (8452; 68%), Animacy=EMPTY (8287; 67%), Number=Sing (6643; 53%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(3959; 32% of non-emptyVoice): rozhodující, vedoucí, následující, týkající, vynikající, odpovídající, rostoucí, žijící, kupující, vládnoucíPass(8470; 68% of non-emptyVoice): řečeno, připraven, přesvědčen, připravena, otevřena, rozhodnuto, uvedeno, odsouzen, založena, zvolenEMPTY(156369): první, další, české, druhé, nové, státní, poslední, dalších, vlastní, možné
Voice seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (2531) occur only with one value of Voice.
Relations with Agreement in Voice
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Voice:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (11176; 95%),
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (5568; 82%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (4381; 84%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (720; 86%),
ADJ –[conj]–> ADJ (413; 60%),
VERB –[csubj:pass]–> VERB (173; 59%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (131; 96%),
VERB –[dep]–> VERB (38; 72%),
AUX –[conj]–> VERB (34; 100%),
VERB –[orphan]–> VERB (20; 91%).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CAC)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Act, Pass.
49378 tokens (10%) have a non-empty value of Voice.
12302 types (20%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
4805 lemmas (17%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: cs-pos/VERB (31799; 7% instances), cs-pos/AUX (11302; 2% instances), cs-pos/ADJ (6277; 1% instances).
VERB
31799 cs-pos/VERB tokens (80% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: Polarity=Pos (29023; 91%), Gender=EMPTY (21430; 67%), Mood=Ind (21424; 67%), VerbForm=Fin (21424; 67%), Tense=Pres (21343; 67%), Number=Sing (18350; 58%), Person=3 (18045; 57%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(31799; 100% of non-emptyVoice): je, má, mají, musí, může, jde, lze, jsou, mohou, můžemeEMPTY(7751): mít, zajistit, říci, být, vidět, řešit, dělat, věnovat, provádět, dosáhnout
Voice seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 100% lemmas (3224) occur only with one value of Voice.
AUX
11302 cs-pos/AUX tokens (81% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Voice co-occurred: Polarity=Pos (10431; 92%), Gender=EMPTY (8887; 79%), VerbForm=Fin (8886; 79%), Mood=Ind (8886; 79%), Person=3 (7818; 69%), Tense=Pres (7809; 69%), Number=Sing (7628; 67%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(11302; 100% of non-emptyVoice): je, jsou, bude, byl, bylo, byla, jsme, není, byly, jsemEMPTY(2640): by, být, bychom, bych, byste, býti, buď, budiž, buďme, buďte
ADJ
6277 cs-pos/ADJ tokens (9% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Voice co-occurred: Degree=EMPTY (6277; 100%), Polarity=Pos (6226; 99%), Case=EMPTY (4179; 67%), Animacy=EMPTY (3983; 63%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(2093; 33% of non-emptyVoice): pracujících, rozhodující, pracující, vedoucí, odpovídající, následující, týkající, řídící, vyplývající, rostoucíPass(4184; 67% of non-emptyVoice): řečeno, dosaženo, věnována, dána, provedena, uvedeny, určena, určeny, splněny, zahájenaEMPTY(66901): další, pracovní, první, jednotlivých, základní, nové, možno, socialistické, různých, dalších
Voice seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (1581) occur only with one value of Voice.
Relations with Agreement in Voice
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Voice:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (4624; 97%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (1499; 83%),
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (840; 70%),
ADJ –[conj]–> ADJ (353; 66%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (211; 81%),
VERB –[csubj:pass]–> VERB (50; 63%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (23; 88%),
VERB –[dep]–> VERB (15; 63%),
AUX –[conj]–> VERB (12; 100%),
VERB –[acl]–> VERB (10; 67%).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CLTT)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Act, Pass.
1806 tokens (7%) have a non-empty value of Voice.
491 types (13%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
272 lemmas (12%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: cs-pos/VERB (1224; 5% instances), cs-pos/AUX (367; 1% instances), cs-pos/ADJ (215; 1% instances).
VERB
1224 cs-pos/VERB tokens (86% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: Polarity=Pos (1095; 89%), Person=3 (966; 79%), Mood=Ind (966; 79%), Gender=EMPTY (966; 79%), VerbForm=Fin (966; 79%), Tense=Pres (965; 79%), Number=Sing (752; 61%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(1046; 85% of non-emptyVoice): obsahuje, uvede, rozumí, může, účtuje, použijí, mohou, má, sestavují, majíPass(178; 15% of non-emptyVoice): stanoveno, zahrnuty, obchodovány, sestavena, zavedena, uvedeny, vykázány, účtovány, uzavřeny, vyjádřenyEMPTY(204): vést, použít, mít, účtovat, odpisovat, uvést, rozhodnout, sestavit, pokračovat, splňovat
| Paradigm uvést | Act | Pass |
|---|---|---|
| Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part | uvedeny | |
| Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part | uveden | |
| Gender=Fem,Neut|Number=Plur,Sing|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part | uvedena | |
| Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part | uvedeno | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | neuvede | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | uvede | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | uvedou |
AUX
367 cs-pos/AUX tokens (84% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Voice co-occurred: Mood=Ind (329; 90%), VerbForm=Fin (329; 90%), Person=3 (329; 90%), Polarity=Pos (320; 87%), Tense=Pres (310; 84%), Number=Sing (187; 51%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(367; 100% of non-emptyVoice): je, jsou, nejsou, není, byly, bude, byl, budou, byla, nebylyEMPTY(71): být, by, je-li, není-li, jsou-li, nejsou-li, byty
ADJ
215 cs-pos/ADJ tokens (5% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Voice co-occurred: Polarity=Pos (215; 100%), Degree=EMPTY (215; 100%), Number=Sing (132; 61%), Animacy=EMPTY (122; 57%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(215; 100% of non-emptyVoice): konsolidující, zanikající, související, následujícího, předcházejícímu, přejímající, řídících, následujícímu, souvisejících, předcházejícíEMPTY(4440): účetní, účetních, účetního, konsolidované, finanční, účetním, povinny, obchodního, ostatní, peněžních
Voice seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (40) occur only with one value of Voice.
Relations with Agreement in Voice
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Voice:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (118; 83%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (44; 65%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (17; 100%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (1; 100%),
AUX –[conj]–> VERB (1; 100%),
VERB –[csubj:pass]–> VERB (1; 100%).
Voice in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]