Voice: voice
The Voice feature captures the distinction between active and passive for verbs (sv-pos/VERB and sv-pos/AUX). The value Pass is only used when the passive voice is realized morphologically. (Swedish in addition has a periphrastic passive similar to English: han blev jagad “he was chased”.)
Act: active voice
Examples
- [sv] det räcker “it suffices”
- [sv] avdraget sjunker “the deduction drops”
Pass: passive voice
Examples
- [sv] inkomst beskattas “income is taxed”
- [sv] det hanteras fel “it is handled incorrectly”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Act, Pass.
10716 tokens (14%) have a non-empty value of Voice.
2260 types (17%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
1055 lemmas (12%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: sv-pos/VERB (7537; 10% instances), sv-pos/AUX (3179; 4% instances).
VERB
7537 sv-pos/VERB tokens (96% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (4500; 60%), Mood=Ind (4316; 57%), Tense=Pres (3786; 50%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(6369; 85% of non-emptyVoice): har, blir, är, få, får, ha, gäller, ger, kommer, sePass(1168; 15% of non-emptyVoice): användas, tas, används, ges, kallas, anses, behövs, lämnas, beräknas, delasEMPTY(281): finns, tycks, finnas, fanns, fordras, känns, syns, funnits, hoppas, vald
| Paradigm göra | Act | Pass |
|---|---|---|
| Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin | Gör | |
| Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | gjorde | gjordes |
| Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | gör | görs |
| VerbForm=Inf | göra | göras |
| VerbForm=Sup | gjort | gjorts |
AUX
3179 sv-pos/AUX tokens (100% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Voice co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (2874; 90%), Mood=Ind (2866; 90%), Tense=Pres (2597; 82%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(3179; 100% of non-emptyVoice): är, kan, har, skall, måste, vara, kommer, skulle, ska, var
Voice seems to be lexical feature of AUX. 100% lemmas (16) occur only with one value of Voice.
Relations with Agreement in Voice
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Voice:
VERB –[aux]–> AUX (1374; 76%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (638; 74%),
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (528; 82%),
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (243; 78%),
VERB –[xcomp]–> VERB (222; 81%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (142; 79%),
VERB –[csubj]–> VERB (72; 92%),
VERB –[dislocated]–> VERB (26; 84%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (13; 72%),
AUX –[conj]–> VERB (3; 100%).
Voice in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]