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Voice: voice

Voice is a feature of verbs that helps map the traditional syntactic functions, such as subject and object, to semantic roles, such as agent and pacient.

Act: active voice

Prototypically, the subject of the verb is the doer of the action (agent), the object is affected by the action (patient).

All active participles (in present and past form) are tagged Voice=Act. By default, the finite forms, ininitives and gerunds of non-reflexive verbs are also labeled Voice=Act, except for the cases when they are labeled Voice=Pass and Voice=Mid, see below.

Examples

Pass: passive voice

The subject of the verb is affected by the action (patient). The doer (agent) is either a non-obligatory oblique phrase of the verb or not overtly expressed;.

The passive participles (in present and past form) are tagged Voice=Pass. The finite non-reflexive forms are labeled Voice=Pass in the passive construction; in this case, the form is marked with -sja (but the lemma is tagged as non-reflexive).

Examples

Mid: middle voice

Between active and passive, needed for the reflexive verbs (in all forms except active participle).

Examples

References

Anna Siewierska. 2013. Passive Constructions. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (http://wals.info/chapter/107)


Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)

This feature is universal but the values Mid are language-specific. It occurs with 3 different values: Act, Mid, Pass.

3351 tokens (4%) have a non-empty value of Voice. 2220 types (8%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice. 1202 lemmas (7%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice. The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (3188; 4% instances), ru-pos/AUX (163; 0% instances).

VERB

3188 ru-pos/VERB tokens (44% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: Person=EMPTY (2628; 82%), Variant=EMPTY (2368; 74%), Number=Sing (2171; 68%), Tense=Past (2133; 67%), Mood=EMPTY (1944; 61%), VerbForm=Part (1813; 57%), Aspect=Perf (1774; 56%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:

Paradigm НАХОДИТЬСЯActMid
Animacy=Anim|Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Partнаходящиеся
Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Partнаходящихся
Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partнаходившийся
Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Partнаходящиеся
Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partнаходившийся
Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Partнаходящуюся
Animacy=Inan|Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partнаходившимся
Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Partнаходящихся
Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Partнаходящемся
Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partнаходившейся
Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Partнаходящейся
Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partнаходившимся
Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Partнаходящейся
Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partнаходившихся
Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partнаходившееся
Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Partнаходящиеся
Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finнаходился
Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finнаходилась
Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finнаходилось
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finнаходится
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finнаходятся
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finнаходились

Voice seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 92% lemmas (1105) occur only with one value of Voice.

AUX

163 ru-pos/AUX tokens (16% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Voice co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (140; 86%), Mood=Ind (140; 86%), Aspect=Imp (132; 81%), Number=Sing (127; 78%), Gender=EMPTY (123; 75%), Person=3 (109; 67%), Tense=Pres (109; 67%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Voice:

Paradigm ЯВЛЯТЬСЯActMid
Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Partявляющегося
Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finявлялся
Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finявлялась
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finявляется
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finявляются
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finявлялись
VerbForm=Infявляться

Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)

This feature is universal but the values Mid are language-specific. It occurs with 3 different values: Act, Mid, Pass.

118006 tokens (12%) have a non-empty value of Voice. 31598 types (29%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice. 5884 lemmas (15%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice. The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (110740; 11% instances), ru-pos/AUX (7266; 1% instances).

VERB

110740 ru-pos/VERB tokens (100% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: Case=EMPTY (99171; 90%), Gender=EMPTY (77180; 70%), Person=EMPTY (74711; 67%), VerbForm=Fin (70244; 63%), Mood=Ind (69379; 63%), Aspect=Imp (62831; 57%), Number=Sing (56828; 51%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:

Paradigm говоритьActPass
Animacy=Anim|Aspect=Imp|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partговорившего
Animacy=Anim|Aspect=Imp|Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Partговорящих
Aspect=Imp|Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partговорившую
Aspect=Imp|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Partговорящего
Aspect=Imp|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Partговорящий
Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finговорил
Aspect=Imp|Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finговорила
Aspect=Imp|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finговорилоговорилось
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Finговори
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finговорю
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finговоришь
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finговоритговорится
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finговорим
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finговорите
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finговорят
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finговорили
Aspect=Imp|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Convговоря
Aspect=Imp|VerbForm=Infговорить
Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finпоговорил
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Imp|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=FinПоговорите
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Finпоговорю
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Finпоговорит
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Finпоговорим
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finпоговорили
Aspect=Perf|Tense=Past|VerbForm=ConvПоговорив
Aspect=Perf|VerbForm=Infпоговорить

AUX

7266 ru-pos/AUX tokens (100% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Voice co-occurred: Aspect=Imp (7266; 100%), VerbForm=Fin (6570; 90%), Mood=Ind (6547; 90%), Person=EMPTY (5382; 74%), Number=Sing (4885; 67%), Tense=Past (4691; 65%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Voice:

Relations with Agreement in Voice

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Voice: VERB –[conj]–> VERB (8586; 65%), VERB –[xcomp]–> VERB (5294; 68%), VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (5132; 59%), VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (2081; 58%), VERB –[aux]–> AUX (628; 76%), VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (525; 67%), VERB –[dep]–> VERB (161; 55%), VERB –[advmod]–> VERB (93; 59%), VERB –[orphan]–> VERB (34; 54%), VERB –[cop]–> VERB (26; 79%).


Voice in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]