Aspect: aspect
Aspect is a feature that specifies duration of the action in time, whether the action has been completed etc.
In Russian, aspect is considered a lexical feature of verbs. While many imperfective verbs have morphologically related perfective counterparts, it is not a regular system and the two verbs are represented by different lemmas.
Imp: imperfect aspect
The action took / takes / will take some time span and there is no information whether and when it was / will be completed.
Examples
- печь “to bake” (Imp); пёк хлеб “he baked / was baking a bread”
Perf: perfect aspect
The action has been / will have been completed. Since there is emphasis on one point on the time scale (the point of completion), this aspect does not work well with the present tense. Russian morphology can create present forms of perfective verbs but these actually have a future meaning.
Examples
- испечь “to bake” (Perf); испёк хлеб “he baked / has baked a bread”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Imp, Perf.
8194 tokens (9%) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
4391 types (16%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
1955 lemmas (11%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (7225; 8% instances), ru-pos/AUX (969; 1% instances).
VERB
7225 ru-pos/VERB tokens (99% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Aspect co-occurred: Variant=EMPTY (6405; 89%), Person=EMPTY (5464; 76%), Animacy=EMPTY (5412; 75%), Case=EMPTY (5412; 75%), Number=Sing (4552; 63%), VerbForm=Fin (4416; 61%), Mood=Ind (4389; 61%), Tense=Past (4104; 57%), Voice=EMPTY (4037; 56%), Gender=EMPTY (3942; 55%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(3744; 52% of non-emptyAspect): составляет, может, находится, входит, имеет, есть, было, занимает, могут, работалPerf(3481; 48% of non-emptyAspect): получил, родился, начал, окончил, род., получила, вышел, расположен, умер, закончилEMPTY(78): можно, надо, нужно, известно, необходимо, трудно, возможно, достаточно, интересно, принято
| Paradigm РАСПОЛОЖИТЬ | Imp | Perf |
|---|---|---|
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|Variant=Short | расположены | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | расположенный | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | расположенного | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | расположенных | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | расположенными | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | расположенном | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | расположенных | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Variant=Short | расположен | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | расположенный | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Variant=Short | расположена | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | расположенная | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Variant=Short | расположено | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | расположенное | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Variant=Short | расположено | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|Variant=Short | расположены | расположены |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | расположенные |
Aspect seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 98% lemmas (1914) occur only with one value of Aspect.
AUX
969 ru-pos/AUX tokens (97% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Aspect co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (890; 92%), Mood=Ind (889; 92%), Person=EMPTY (814; 84%), Voice=EMPTY (806; 83%), Tense=Past (754; 78%), Number=Sing (739; 76%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(836; 86% of non-emptyAspect): был, было, были, была, является, быть, будет, являются, будучи, являлсяPerf(133; 14% of non-emptyAspect): стал, стала, стало, стали, стать, став, назначен, ставшие, остались, станетEMPTY(34): это, –, Has, движение, залы, мир, переключатель, песни, словно
Aspect seems to be lexical feature of AUX. 100% lemmas (40) occur only with one value of Aspect.
Relations with Agreement in Aspect
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Aspect:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (593; 78%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (251; 67%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (171; 67%),
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (91; 52%),
VERB –[acl:relcl]–> VERB (11; 58%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (3; 100%),
VERB –[obl]–> VERB (3; 60%),
VERB –[orphan]–> VERB (1; 100%).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Imp, Perf.
117995 tokens (12%) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
31597 types (29%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
5883 lemmas (15%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (110729; 11% instances), ru-pos/AUX (7266; 1% instances).
VERB
110729 ru-pos/VERB tokens (100% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Aspect co-occurred: Case=EMPTY (99160; 90%), Gender=EMPTY (77169; 70%), Voice=Act (76148; 69%), Person=EMPTY (74700; 67%), VerbForm=Fin (70244; 63%), Mood=Ind (69379; 63%), Number=Sing (56828; 51%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(62831; 57% of non-emptyAspect): может, есть, нет, могут, было, является, быть, говорит, стоит, идетPerf(47898; 43% of non-emptyAspect): стал, сказал, стало, сделать, стали, сказать, заявил, удалось, получить, статьEMPTY(12): не, и.о.
| Paradigm мочь | Imp | Perf |
|---|---|---|
| Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part | могущую | |
| Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part | могущих | |
| Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part | могущие | |
| Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | мог | смог |
| Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | могла | смогла |
| Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | могло | смогло |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | смогу | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | могу | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | сможешь | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | можешь | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | сможет | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | может | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | сможем | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | можем | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | сможете | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | можете | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | смогут | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | могут | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | могли | смогли |
AUX
7266 ru-pos/AUX tokens (100% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Aspect co-occurred: Voice=Act (7266; 100%), VerbForm=Fin (6570; 90%), Mood=Ind (6547; 90%), Person=EMPTY (5382; 74%), Number=Sing (4885; 67%), Tense=Past (4691; 65%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(7266; 100% of non-emptyAspect): было, был, были, будет, была, быть, будут, есть, будем, буду
Relations with Agreement in Aspect
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Aspect:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (10588; 80%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (5425; 62%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (2113; 59%),
VERB –[nsubj]–> VERB (926; 61%),
VERB –[aux]–> AUX (826; 100%),
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (397; 51%),
VERB –[acl]–> VERB (121; 60%),
VERB –[advmod]–> VERB (88; 56%),
VERB –[obl]–> VERB (35; 57%),
VERB –[orphan]–> VERB (34; 54%).
Aspect in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]