Aspect: aspect
Aspect is a feature that specifies duration of the action in time, whether the action has been completed etc.
In Ukrainian, aspect is considered a lexical feature of verbs. While many imperfective verbs have morphologically related perfective counterparts, it is not a regular system and the two verbs are represented by different lemmas.
Imp: imperfect aspect
The action took / takes / will take some time span and there is no information whether and when it was / will be completed.
Examples
- пекти “to bake” (Imp); пік хліб “he baked / was baking a bread”
Perf: perfect aspect
The action has been / will have been completed. Since there is emphasis on one point on the time scale (the point of completion), this aspect does not work well with the present tense. Ukrainian morphology can create present forms of perfective verbs but these actually have a future meaning.
Examples
- спекти “to bake” (Perf); спік хліб “he baked / has baked a bread”
There is a small group of verbs, usually borrowed, of the Latin origin, which have the same form for both the perfect and imperfect aspect. It is only possible (although not always) to discern the aspect on the basis of the context they are used in. Verbs that carry two aspectual meanings are called biaspectual in the academic Ukrainian grammar.
Even though originally Ukrainian naturalised such verbs by adding a relevant prefix to the perfective variant, thus creating two lemmas instead of one borrowed verb, there was a period in the language development when prefixed forms were consistently eradicated in prescriptive grammars. Therefore presently one can find prefixed and prefixless perfective forms of the same verbs in different texts, e.g. абонувати “to subscribe” (aspect unclear without a wider context, see examples below) and заабонувати “to subscribe” (perfect).
Examples
- абонувати “to subscribe” (Imp use); Ігор абонував газету протягом трьох останніх років “Igor has been subscribing to the newspaper for the recent three years”
- абонувати “to subscribe” (Perf use); Ігор абонував газету вчора по дорозі додому “Igor subscribed to the newspaper yesterday on his way home”
If the context is sufficient to define the aspect such verbs are used in, the respective one is assigned. In the cases when the context does not suffice (as, for example, in the sentence above used without a temporal expression), according to UD conventions, no value for aspect is assigned.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Ukrainian)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Imp, Perf.
1846 tokens (14%) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
1366 types (26%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
998 lemmas (26%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
The feature is used with 4 part-of-speech tags: uk-pos/VERB (1552; 12% instances), uk-pos/AUX (159; 1% instances), uk-pos/ADJ (128; 1% instances), uk-pos/NOUN (7; 0% instances).
VERB
1552 uk-pos/VERB tokens (100% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Aspect co-occurred: Person=EMPTY (1257; 81%), VerbForm=Fin (1221; 79%), Mood=Ind (1201; 77%), Gender=EMPTY (971; 63%), Tense=Past (956; 62%), Number=EMPTY (921; 59%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(982; 63% of non-emptyAspect): було, мав, мали, ходили, жив, міг, любив, стояв, стояла, тримаючиPerf(570; 37% of non-emptyAspect): виявилося, сказав, зробити, почали, зробив, взяти, почав, пішли, сказати, випити
| Paradigm вирізати | Imp | Perf |
|---|---|---|
| Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | вирізав | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | вирізали | |
| VerbForm=Inf | вирізати |
Aspect seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 100% lemmas (876) occur only with one value of Aspect.
AUX
159 uk-pos/AUX tokens (92% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Aspect co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (150; 94%), Mood=Ind (149; 94%), Person=EMPTY (137; 86%), Tense=Past (129; 81%), Number=EMPTY (112; 70%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(159; 100% of non-emptyAspect): було, був, була, були, є, буде, бути, будемо, Буду, БудьтеEMPTY(14): б, би, ці
ADJ
128 uk-pos/ADJ tokens (11% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Aspect co-occurred: VerbForm=Part (128; 100%), Voice=Pass (124; 97%), Degree=EMPTY (122; 95%), Animacy=EMPTY (113; 88%), Number=EMPTY (73; 57%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(15; 12% of non-emptyAspect): бачених, бриту, вареними, вареною, варену, западаючу, крадений, мордовану, неасфальтованих, пастеризованогоPerf(113; 88% of non-emptyAspect): відкритим, зранений, населених, перелякані, поваленій, призначених, Завішані, Змучений, Нагріта, ПоверненіEMPTY(987): різних, цілу, домашніх, різні, ціле, цілий, великих, великої, дитячої, експериментальних
Aspect seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (113) occur only with one value of Aspect.
NOUN
7 uk-pos/NOUN tokens (0% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Aspect co-occurred: Gender=EMPTY (6; 86%), Animacy=Anim (5; 71%), Number=Ptan (4; 57%).
NOUN tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(4; 57% of non-emptyAspect): оточуючих, завідуючийPerf(3; 43% of non-emptyAspect): дані, нареченим, померліEMPTY(2960): час, тварин, тато, життя, дзядзьо, рік, років, школи, вулиці, діти
Relations with Agreement in Aspect
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Aspect:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (202; 84%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (96; 72%),
VERB –[xcomp]–> VERB (69; 53%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (49; 65%),
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (27; 57%),
VERB –[compound:svc]–> VERB (2; 100%).
Aspect in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]