VerbForm: form of verb or deverbative
Even though the name of the feature seems to suggest that it is used exclusively with verbs, it is not the case. The Part value can be used also with adjectives. It distinguishes participles from other verb forms, and participial adjectives from other adjectives.
Fin: finite verb
Rule of thumb: if it has non-empty Mood, it is finite. In Ukrainian this applies to indicative and imperative forms, and to the special conditional forms of the auxiliary verb бути.
Examples
- несу, несеш, несе, несемо, несете, несуть “I carry, you carry, he/she/it carries, we carry, you carry, they carry”
- матиму, матимеш, матиме, матимемо, матимете, матимуть (the future synthetic forms of мати “to have” in different genders and numbers)
- робитиму, робитимеш, робитиме, робитимемо, робитимете, робитимуть (the future synthetic forms of робити “to do” in different genders and numbers)
- ніс, несла, несло, несли “carried” (past tense forms in different genders and numbers)
- неси, несімо, несіть “carry” (imperative in different persons and numbers)
- є, *єси the present form of “be”, (*the form with asterisk is archaic)
- буду, будеш, буде, будемо, будете, будуть “I will be, you will be, he/she/it will be, we will be, you will be, they will be”
- би, б, *бим, *бис, *бисми, *бисте “would, I would, you would, we would, you would” (*the forms with asterisks are dialectal)
- будь, будьмо, будьте “be” (imperative in different persons and numbers)
Inf: infinitive
Infinitive is the citation form of verbs. It is also used with the auxiliary бути to form periphrastic future tense, and it appears as the argument of modal and other verbs.
Examples
- нести “to carry”
- бути “to be”
Imps: impersonal
Impersonal form ending with -но/-то. In Slavic languages other than Ukrainian and Polish this form coincides with the neutral passive adjectival participle, but in those two languages the participle has a different ending: -не in Ukrainian and -ne in Polish, which is why it is treated as a separate verbal form.
Examples
- несено “(it was/somebody) carried” (passive impersonal form), cf. also писане правило “a written rule” vs писано правило “a rule was/is written”.
Part: participle
The adverbial participle, also called transgressive, is a non-finite verb form that shares properties of verbs and adverbs.
- Imperfective verbs form present adverbial participle, meaning “while doing”.
- Perfective verbs form past adverbial participle, meaning “having done”.
The adjectival participle is a non-finite verb form that shares properties of verbs and adjectives. It inflects for Gender and Number but not for Person. Ukrainian has two types of participles:
- Passive adjectival participle is used to construct passive voice. It is also used separately as an adjective: ношений, драний “carried, torn/ragged”. Their meaning is almost identical but the usage slightly varies. Both groups can be used in nominal predication with copula. Only true participles can be used to form the passive voice but it is sometimes difficult to distinguish them from copula constructions, see AUX. On the other hand, the deverbal (participial) adjectives inflect for case and thus can modify nouns.
- Active participle (it is considered ungrammatical but still used occasionally, which is why it is encoded).
Examples
- несучи, нісши “carrying” (present and past adverbial participles)
- принісши “having brought” (past adverbial participle)
- несений, несена, несене, несені “carried” (passive adjectival participle in different genders and numbers)
- несучий, несуча, несуче, несучі “carrying” (present adjectival participle in different genders and numbers)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Ukrainian)
This feature is universal but the values Conv are language-specific.
It occurs with 4 different values: Conv, Fin, Inf, Part.
1839 tokens (14%) have a non-empty value of VerbForm.
1361 types (26%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of VerbForm.
993 lemmas (26%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of VerbForm.
The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: uk-pos/VERB (1552; 12% instances), uk-pos/AUX (159; 1% instances), uk-pos/ADJ (128; 1% instances).
VERB
1552 uk-pos/VERB tokens (100% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of VerbForm.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and VerbForm co-occurred: Person=EMPTY (1257; 81%), Mood=Ind (1201; 77%), Aspect=Imp (982; 63%), Gender=EMPTY (971; 63%), Tense=Past (956; 62%), Number=EMPTY (921; 59%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of VerbForm:
Conv(85; 5% of non-emptyVerbForm): тримаючи, виходячи, їдучи, Дочекавшись, Дізнавшись, Одкинувши, Побачивши, Приїхавши, Судячи, біжучиFin(1221; 79% of non-emptyVerbForm): було, мав, мали, ходили, виявилося, сказав, жив, міг, почали, зробивInf(246; 16% of non-emptyVerbForm): зробити, взяти, робити, сказати, брати, випити, знайти, подивитися, працювати, їсти
| Paradigm мати | Fin | Inf |
|---|---|---|
| мати | ||
| Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past | мав | |
| Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past | мала | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres | маю | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Fut | матимеш | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut | матиме | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres | має | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres | маємо | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres | мають | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | мали |
VerbForm seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 90% lemmas (792) occur only with one value of VerbForm.
AUX
159 uk-pos/AUX tokens (92% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of VerbForm.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and VerbForm co-occurred: Aspect=Imp (159; 100%), Mood=Ind (149; 94%), Person=EMPTY (137; 86%), Tense=Past (129; 81%), Number=EMPTY (112; 70%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of VerbForm:
Conv(1; 1% of non-emptyVerbForm): бувшиFin(150; 94% of non-emptyVerbForm): було, був, була, були, є, буде, будемо, Буду, БудьтеInf(8; 5% of non-emptyVerbForm): бутиEMPTY(14): б, би, ці
| Paradigm бути | Fin | Inf |
|---|---|---|
| бути | ||
| Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past | був | |
| Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past | була | |
| Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past | було | |
| Mood=Imp|Number=Plur|Person=2 | Будьте | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut | Буду | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut | буде | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres | є | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut | будемо | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres | є | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | були |
ADJ
128 uk-pos/ADJ tokens (11% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of VerbForm.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and VerbForm co-occurred: Voice=Pass (124; 97%), Degree=EMPTY (122; 95%), Aspect=Perf (113; 88%), Animacy=EMPTY (113; 88%), Number=EMPTY (73; 57%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of VerbForm:
Part(128; 100% of non-emptyVerbForm): відкритим, зранений, населених, перелякані, поваленій, призначених, Завішані, Змучений, Нагріта, ПоверненіEMPTY(987): різних, цілу, домашніх, різні, ціле, цілий, великих, великої, дитячої, експериментальних
VerbForm seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (113) occur only with one value of VerbForm.
Relations with Agreement in VerbForm
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in VerbForm:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (235; 98%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (69; 92%),
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (29; 62%),
VERB –[aux:pass]–> AUX (1; 100%).
VerbForm in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]