VerbForm: form of verb or deverbative
Even though the name of the feature seems to suggest that it is used
exclusively with verbs, it is not the case. Some verb
forms in some languages actually form a gray zone between verbs and
other parts of speech (nouns, adjectives
and adverbs). For instance, participles may be either
classified as verbs or as adjectives, depending on language and
context. In both cases VerbForm=Part may be used to separate them
from other verb forms or other types of adjectives.
Bulgarian does not have an infinitive. It distinguishes: finite verbs and non-finite verbs (participles and transgressives).
Fin: finite verb
Rule of thumb: if it has non-empty Mood, it is finite.
This features is encoded in the following values as second position in verbal tags: Vp# (personal verb); Vn# (impersonal verb); Vx#, Vy# and Vi# (auxiliary verbs).
Examples
- Аз съм, ти си / Az sam, ti si “I am, you are”
- Трябва да дойдеш /Tryabva da doydesh “You must come”
- Прочетох книгата / Prochetoh knigata “I read the book”
Part: participle
Participle is a non-finite verb form that shares properties of verbs
and adjectives. The participle in Bulgarian is encoded as c in fifth position of the tag: V#c#.
In Bulgarian there are four types of participles: present active, past perfective active, past imperfective active, past passive. The present active one can be used only adjectively; the past imperfective one can be used only in evidential verb forms; the other have the two usages. The present active can be derived only from imperfective verbs.
Examples
- виждащ / vizhdasht “seeing” (present active). BulTreeBank tag:
V#car# - видял / vidyal “seen” (past perfective active). BulTreeBank tag:
V#cao# - видел / videl “seen” (past imperfective active). BulTreeBank tag:
V#cam# - видян / vidyan “seen” (past passive). BulTreeBank tag:
V#cv#
Trans: transgressive
The transgressive, also called adverbial participle, is a non-finite verb form that shares properties of verbs and adverbs. It appears e.g. in Slavic and Indo-Aryan languages.
In Bulgarian it can be derived only from imperfective verbs.
Examples
- Виждайки това, той се разстрои / Vizhdayki tova, toy se razstroi “Having seen this, he became upset”. BulTreebang tag:
V#g
Note that the symbol `#’, used in the Universal POS section indicates a holder for arbitrary number of features, suppressed in the respective tag as irrelevant in the BulTreeBank tagset, when mapped to the Universal one.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Bulgarian)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Fin, Part.
20743 tokens (15%) have a non-empty value of VerbForm.
7415 types (30%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of VerbForm.
2835 lemmas (20%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of VerbForm.
The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: bg-pos/VERB (15492; 11% instances), bg-pos/AUX (3916; 3% instances), bg-pos/ADJ (1335; 1% instances).
VERB
15492 bg-pos/VERB tokens (100% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of VerbForm.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and VerbForm co-occurred: Voice=Act (14262; 92%), Gender=EMPTY (13829; 89%), Definite=EMPTY (13068; 84%), Mood=Ind (12832; 83%), Number=Sing (10842; 70%), Person=3 (10650; 69%), Tense=Pres (8879; 57%), Aspect=Imp (8147; 53%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of VerbForm:
Fin(13068; 84% of non-emptyVerbForm): има, може, няма, трябва, е, каза, могат, съобщи, заяви, станаPart(2424; 16% of non-emptyVerbForm): имало, дал, заминал, искал, направил, направили, трябвало, имал, станал, станало
| Paradigm мога | Fin | Part |
|---|---|---|
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Imp | можел | |
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | могъл | |
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Imp | можела | |
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | могла | |
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Imp | можело | |
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | могло | |
| Definite=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Imp | можели | |
| Definite=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | могли | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Imp | можех | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past | можах | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres | мога | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres | можеш | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp | можеше | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past | можа | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres | може | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Imp | Можехме | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres | можем | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres | можете | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp | можеха | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past | можаха | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres | могат |
AUX
3916 bg-pos/AUX tokens (50% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of VerbForm.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and VerbForm co-occurred: Mood=Ind (3816; 97%), Voice=Act (3816; 97%), Aspect=Imp (3586; 92%), Person=3 (3342; 85%), Tense=Pres (3029; 77%), Number=Sing (2795; 71%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of VerbForm:
Fin(3705; 95% of non-emptyVerbForm): е, са, бе, бъде, беше, бяха, съм, бъдат, сме, сиPart(211; 5% of non-emptyVerbForm): бил, били, била, билоEMPTY(3986): да, ще, е, бъдат, са, беше, бъде, съм
| Paradigm съм | Fin | Part |
|---|---|---|
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Voice=Act | бил | |
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Voice=Act | била | |
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Voice=Act | било | |
| Definite=Ind|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Voice=Act | били | |
| Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=1 | бих | |
| Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=2 | Би | |
| Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past | би | |
| Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur|Person=1 | бихме | |
| Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur|Person=2 | бихте | |
| Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur|Person=3 | биха | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | бях | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | съм | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | беше | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | си | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | бе, беше | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | е | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | бяхме | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | сме | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | сте | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Voice=Act | бяхте | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | бяха | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | са |
ADJ
1335 bg-pos/ADJ tokens (11% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of VerbForm.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and VerbForm co-occurred: Degree=Pos (1080; 81%), Aspect=Perf (946; 71%), Voice=Pass (867; 65%), Number=Sing (764; 57%), Definite=Ind (729; 55%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of VerbForm:
Part(1335; 100% of non-emptyVerbForm): миналата, следващата, въоръжените, останалите, свързани, миналия, определени, управляващите, цитиран, пострадалиEMPTY(10879): народното, други, българската, другите, нова, нови, последните, 2001, друг, европейската
VerbForm seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (636) occur only with one value of VerbForm.
Relations with Agreement in VerbForm
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in VerbForm:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (1313; 89%),
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (1280; 78%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (999; 84%),
VERB –[xcomp]–> VERB (534; 83%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (250; 71%),
VERB –[csubj]–> VERB (125; 79%),
VERB –[csubj:pass]–> VERB (37; 62%),
VERB –[fixed]–> VERB (24; 100%),
VERB –[discourse]–> VERB (3; 100%),
ADJ –[nsubj]–> ADJ (2; 67%).
VerbForm in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]