xcomp: open clausal complement
An open clausal complement (xcomp) of a verb or an adjective is a
predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The
reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument
external to the xcomp (normally by the subject of the next higher
clause). This is often referred to as obligatory control.
These complements are always non-finite, and they are
complements (arguments of the higher verb or adjective) rather than
adjuncts/modifiers, such as a purpose clause. The name xcomp is
borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar.
Можеш ли да плуваш ? \n Can PART to swim ?
xcomp(Можеш, плуваш)
xcomp(Can, swim)
Двете сестри започнаха да си шепнат още по-ниско . \n Two-the sisters started to REFL whisper even lower .
xcomp(започнаха, шепнат)
xcomp(started, whisper)
Note that the above condition “without its own subject” does not mean that a
clause is an xcomp just because its subject is not overt.
The subject must be necessarily inherited from a fixed position in the higher clause.
That is, there should be no available interpretation where the subject of the lower clause may be distinct from the specified role of the upper clause.
In cases where the missing subject may or must be distinct from a fixed role in the higher clause,
ccomp should be used instead, as below. This includes cases of arbitrary subjects and anaphoric control.
Каза да не се-шегувам . \n Said-he to not REFL.kid-I .
ccomp(Каза, се-шегувам)
ccomp(Said-he, REFL.kid-I)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Bulgarian)
This relation is universal.
705 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
695 instances of xcomp (99%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.59858156028369.
The following 8 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: bg-pos/VERB-bg-pos/VERB (643; 91% instances), bg-pos/VERB-bg-pos/NOUN (31; 4% instances), bg-pos/VERB-bg-pos/ADJ (18; 3% instances), bg-pos/VERB-bg-pos/ADV (7; 1% instances), bg-pos/VERB-bg-pos/PRON (3; 0% instances), bg-pos/VERB-bg-pos/DET (1; 0% instances), bg-pos/VERB-bg-pos/NUM (1; 0% instances), bg-pos/VERB-bg-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances).
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1 Да да AUX Tx _ 3 aux _ _
2 бях съм AUX Vxitf-t1s Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 3 cop _ _
3 по-млад млад ADJ Amsi Definite=Ind|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 advcl _ SpaceAfter=No
4 , , PUNCT punct _ 3 punct _ _
5 щях ща VERB Vpitf-m1s Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
6 да да AUX Tx _ 7 aux _ _
7 отида отида-(си) VERB Vppif-r1s Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 xcomp _ _
8 в в ADP R _ 9 case _ _
9 гората гора NOUN Ncfsd Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 7 iobj _ _
10 да да AUX Tx _ 12 aux _ _
11 ти аз PRON Ppetds2 Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 12 iobj _ _
12 уловя уловя-(се) VERB Vpptf-r1s Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 7 advcl _ _
13 едно един DET Pfe-os-ni Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 14 det _ _
14 славейче славейче NOUN Ncnsi Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 12 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
15 . . PUNCT punct _ 5 punct _ _
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1 Правя правя-(се) VERB Vpitf-r1s Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
2 те аз PRON Ppetas2 Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 1 obj _ _
3 бан бан NOUN Ncmsi Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 xcomp _ _
4 на на ADP R _ 6 case _ _
5 Търновската търновски ADJ Afsd Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 6 amod _ _
6 област област NOUN Ncfsi Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 3 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
7 . . PUNCT punct _ 1 punct _ _
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1 Емоциите емоция NOUN Ncfpd Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _
2 щяха ща VERB Vpitf-m3p Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
3 да да AUX Tx _ 5 aux _ _
4 го аз PRON Ppetas3m Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 5 obj _ _
5 правят правя-(се) VERB Vpitf-r3p Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 2 ccomp _ _
6 уязвим уязвим ADJ Amsi Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
7 . . PUNCT punct _ 2 punct _ _
xcomp in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]