xcomp: open clausal complement
The name xcomp is borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar.
An open clausal complement (xcomp) of a verb or an adjective is a predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument external to the xcomp.
These complements are always non-finite, and they are complements (arguments of the higher verb or adjective) rather than adjuncts/modifiers.
Examples
Is leor breathnú ar na staitisticí chun a fheiceáil gur thit na caighdeáin `You must look at the statistics to see that the standards dropped’
Is leor breathnú ar na staitisticí chun a fheiceáil gur thit na caighdeáin \n Is enough look at the statistics for to see that dropped the standards
xcomp(leor, fheiceáil)
Caithfidh mé a dhul abhaile `I have to go home’
Caithfidh mé a dhul abhaile \n Have I to go home
xcomp(Caithfidh, dhul)
The UD Irish scheme uses xcomp to denote progressive aspectual phrases, the structure of which follows:
Be + SUBJ + at (ag) + Verbal Noun
In these cases, and in keeping with the analysis of prepositional phrases, we attach the verbal noun to the higher verb (“be”) (using the xcomp label instead of the nmod used in standard PPs). The preposition is then a dependent of the verbal noun, with that relationship labelled as case.
Tá sé ag rith `He is running’
Tá sé ag rith \n Is he at running
xcomp(Tá, rith)
case(rith, ag)
There are also some similar periphrastic constructions similar to these progressives that use le or ar:
Chuirfeadh iad ar fáil `They would be made available’
Chuirfeadh iad ar fáil \n Would_be_put they on getting
xcomp(Chuirfeadh,fáil)
case(fáil, ar)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Irish)
This relation is universal.
There are 1 language-specific subtypes of xcomp: xcomp:pred.
339 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
330 instances of xcomp (97%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 6.40117994100295.
The following 12 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: ga-pos/VERB-ga-pos/NOUN (217; 64% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/NOUN (82; 24% instances), ga-pos/ADJ-ga-pos/NOUN (12; 4% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/VERB (8; 2% instances), ga-pos/VERB-ga-pos/VERB (6; 2% instances), ga-pos/PRON-ga-pos/NOUN (4; 1% instances), ga-pos/VERB-ga-pos/ADP (3; 1% instances), ga-pos/ADP-ga-pos/NOUN (2; 1% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/ADJ (2; 1% instances), ga-pos/AUX-ga-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/PART-ga-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/SCONJ-ga-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 7 xcomp color:blue
1 ' ' PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
2 Cén cé PRON Q Number=Sing|PronType=Int 0 root _ _
3 diabhal diabhal NOUN Noun Case=NomAcc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 xcomp:pred _ _
4 útamála útamáil NOUN Noun Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 3 compound _ _
5 atá bí VERB PresInd Mood=Ind|PronType=Rel|Tense=Pres 2 csubj:cleft _ _
6 ar ar ADP Simp _ 7 case _ _
7 siúl siúl NOUN Noun VerbForm=Inf 5 xcomp _ _
8 ansin ansin ADV Loc _ 5 advmod _ _
9 thíos thíos ADV Dir _ 5 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
10 ? ? PUNCT ? _ 2 punct _ _
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 8 xcomp color:blue
1 ' ' PUNCT Punct _ 3 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
2 Ach ach SCONJ Subord _ 3 advmod _ _
3 caithfidh caith VERB FutInd Mood=Ind|Tense=Fut 0 root _ _
4 mise mise PRON Pers Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Emp 3 nsubj _ _
5 a a PART Inf PartType=Inf 6 mark _ _
6 bheith bheith NOUN Noun Form=Len|VerbForm=Inf 3 xcomp _ _
7 ar ar ADP Simp _ 8 case _ _
8 shiúl siúl NOUN Noun Form=Len|VerbForm=Inf 6 xcomp _ _
9 chun chun ADP Simp _ 11 case _ _
10 an an DET Art Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 11 det _ _
11 tsiopa siopa NOUN Noun Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _
# visual-style 17 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 17 fgColor:white
# visual-style 14 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 14 fgColor:white
# visual-style 14 17 xcomp color:blue
1 Tuigtear tuig VERB VTI Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|Voice=Auto 0 root _ _
2 dom do ADP Prep Number=Sing|Person=1 1 obl:prep _ SpaceAfter=No
3 , , PUNCT Punct _ 4 punct _ _
4 áfach áfach ADV Gn _ 1 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
5 , , PUNCT Punct _ 7 punct _ _
6 go go PART Vb PartType=Cmpl 7 mark:prt _ _
7 bhfuil bí VERB PresInd Form=Ecl|Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres 1 ccomp _ _
8 roinnt roinnt NOUN Noun Case=NomAcc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ _
9 siopaí siopa NOUN Noun Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|NounType=Strong|Number=Plur 8 compound _ _
10 i i ADP Simp _ 11 case _ _
11 dTír tír NOUN Noun Case=NomAcc|Form=Ecl|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 7 xcomp:pred _ _
12 Chonaill Conall PROPN Noun Case=Gen|Form=Len|Gender=Masc 11 compound _ _
13 atá bí VERB PresInd Mood=Ind|PronType=Rel|Tense=Pres 9 acl:relcl _ _
14 sásta sásta ADJ Adj Degree=Pos 13 xcomp:pred _ _
15 é é PRON Pers Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 17 obj _ _
16 a a PART Inf PartType=Inf 17 mark _ _
17 dhíol díol NOUN Noun Form=Len|VerbForm=Inf 14 xcomp _ _
18 i i ADP Simp _ 19 case _ _
19 gclúdach clúdach NOUN Noun Case=NomAcc|Form=Ecl|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 17 nmod _ _
20 donn donn ADJ Adj Case=NomAcc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 19 amod _ _
21 faoin faoi ADP Art Number=Sing|PronType=Art 22 case _ _
22 chuntar cuntar NOUN Noun Case=NomAcc|Form=Len|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 17 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
23 . . PUNCT . _ 1 punct _ _
xcomp in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]