xcomp: open clausal complement
An open clausal complement (xcomp) of a verb or an adjective is a predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument external to the xcomp (normally by the object of the next higher clause, if there is one, or else by the subject of the next higher clause. These complements are always non-finite, and they are complements (arguments of the higher verb or adjective) rather than adjuncts/modifiers, such as a purpose clause. The name xcomp is borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar.
He says that you like to swim
xcomp(like, swim)
Sue asked George to respond to her offer
xcomp(asked, respond)
I consider him a fool
xcomp(consider, fool)
I consider him honest
xcomp(consider, honest)
She looks very beautiful
xcomp(looks, beautiful)
Treebank Statistics (UD_English)
This relation is universal.
3378 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
3367 instances of xcomp (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.41296625222025.
The following 25 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: en-pos/VERB-en-pos/VERB (2273; 67% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADJ (582; 17% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/VERB (218; 6% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/NOUN (169; 5% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PROPN (59; 2% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADV (23; 1% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PART (11; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/NUM (8; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PRON (8; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/VERB (4; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADJ (3; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/NOUN (3; 0% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/VERB (3; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/DET (3; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/SYM-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/SYM (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 13 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 13 fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11 fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 13 xcomp color:blue
1 When when ADV WRB PronType=Int 3 mark _ _
2 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 3 nsubj _ _
3 saw see VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 11 advcl _ _
4 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 5 det _ _
5 cartoon cartoon NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obj _ _
6 of of ADP IN _ 8 case _ _
7 their they PRON PRP$ Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 8 nmod:poss _ _
8 prophet prophet NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
9 , , PUNCT , _ 11 punct _ _
10 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 nsubj _ _
11 had have VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
12 to to PART TO _ 13 mark _ _
13 die die VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 11 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
14 . . PUNCT . _ 11 punct _ _
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 3 xcomp color:blue
1 These these PRON DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 2 nsubj _ _
2 look look VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
3 fine fine ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 xcomp _ _
4 to to ADP IN _ 5 case _ _
5 me I PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 2 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
6 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _
# visual-style 9 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 9 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 9 xcomp color:blue
1 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _
2 following follow VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 3 amod _ _
3 weekend weekend NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obl:tmod _ _
4 i i PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 7 nsubj _ _
5 will will AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 7 aux _ _
6 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 7 cop _ _
7 ready ready ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 0 root _ _
8 to to PART TO _ 9 mark _ _
9 rock rock VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 7 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_English-ESL)
This relation is universal.
2094 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
2087 instances of xcomp (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.18051575931232.
The following 21 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: en-pos/VERB-en-pos/VERB (1557; 74% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADJ (285; 14% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/VERB (144; 7% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/NOUN (49; 2% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/VERB (13; 1% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PROPN (10; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADV (6; 0% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/VERB (5; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADJ (4; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/VERB (3; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PART (3; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PRON (3; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADJ (2; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/INTJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/NUM (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 14 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 14 fgColor:white
# visual-style 12 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 12 fgColor:white
# visual-style 12 14 xcomp color:blue
1 _ _ PRON EX _ 2 expl _ _
2 _ _ VERB VBZ _ 0 root _ _
3 _ _ DET DT _ 5 det _ _
4 _ _ ADJ JJ _ 5 amod _ _
5 _ _ NOUN NN _ 2 nsubj _ _
6 _ _ PART TO _ 7 mark _ _
7 _ _ VERB VB _ 5 acl _ _
8 _ _ ADV RB _ 7 advmod _ _
9 _ _ SCONJ IN _ 12 mark _ _
10 _ _ DET DT _ 11 det _ _
11 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 12 nsubj _ _
12 _ _ VERB VBP _ 2 advcl _ _
13 _ _ PART RB _ 12 neg _ _
14 _ _ VERB VB _ 12 xcomp _ _
15 _ _ PRON NN _ 14 dobj _ _
16 _ _ PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _
# visual-style 15 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 15 fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11 fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 15 xcomp color:blue
1 _ _ DET DT _ 3 det _ _
2 _ _ ADJ JJ _ 3 amod _ _
3 _ _ NOUN NN _ 4 nsubj _ _
4 _ _ VERB VBD _ 0 root _ _
5 _ _ ADP IN _ 8 case _ _
6 _ _ DET DT _ 8 det _ _
7 _ _ NOUN NN _ 8 compound _ _
8 _ _ NOUN NN _ 4 nmod _ _
9 _ _ SCONJ IN _ 11 mark _ _
10 _ _ PRON EX _ 11 expl _ _
11 _ _ VERB VBD _ 4 advcl _ _
12 _ _ ADV RB _ 13 advmod _ _
13 _ _ DET DT _ 14 neg _ _
14 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 11 nsubj _ _
15 _ _ ADJ JJ _ 11 xcomp _ _
16 _ _ PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 6 xcomp color:blue
1 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 4 nsubj _ _
2 _ _ AUX MD _ 4 aux _ _
3 _ _ VERB VB _ 4 cop _ _
4 _ _ ADJ JJ _ 0 root _ _
5 _ _ PART TO _ 6 mark _ _
6 _ _ VERB VB _ 4 xcomp _ _
7 _ _ PRON PRP _ 6 dobj _ _
8 _ _ ADP IN _ 10 case _ _
9 _ _ DET DT _ 10 det _ _
10 _ _ NOUN NN _ 6 nmod _ _
11 _ _ PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_English-LinES)
This relation is universal.
1029 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
959 instances of xcomp (93%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 3.35276967930029.
The following 19 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: en-pos/VERB-en-pos/VERB (619; 60% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADJ (271; 26% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/NOUN (88; 9% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PRON (15; 1% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/VERB (10; 1% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PROPN (9; 1% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/VERB (3; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/NUM (2; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PUNCT-en-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 13 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 13 fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11 fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 13 xcomp color:blue
1 If _ SCONJ _ _ 5 mark _ _
2 you _ PRON PERS-P2 _ 5 nsubj _ _
3 do _ AUX PRES-AUX _ 5 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
4 n't _ PART NEG _ 5 advmod _ _
5 like _ VERB INF _ 11 advcl _ _
6 it _ PRON PERS-SG _ 5 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
7 , _ PUNCT Comma _ 5 punct _ _
8 why _ ADV WH _ 11 advmod _ _
9 do _ AUX INF-AUX _ 11 aux _ _
10 you _ PRON PERS-P2 _ 11 nsubj _ _
11 go _ VERB PRES _ 0 root _ _
12 on _ ADV _ _ 11 compound:prt _ _
13 reading _ VERB ING _ 11 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
14 ? _ PUNCT QuestionMark _ 11 punct _ _
# visual-style 12 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 12 fgColor:white
# visual-style 10 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 10 fgColor:white
# visual-style 10 12 xcomp color:blue
1 You _ PRON PERS-P2 _ 3 nsubj _ _
2 can _ AUX PRES-AUX _ 3 aux _ _
3 change _ VERB INF _ 0 root _ _
4 the _ DET DEF _ 5 det _ _
5 color _ NOUN SG-NOM _ 3 obj _ _
6 of _ ADP _ _ 8 case _ _
7 a _ DET IND-SG _ 8 det _ _
8 control _ NOUN SG-NOM _ 5 nmod _ _
9 or _ CCONJ _ _ 10 cc _ _
10 make _ VERB INF _ 3 conj _ _
11 it _ PRON PERS-SG _ 10 obj _ _
12 transparent _ ADJ POS _ 10 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . _ PUNCT Period _ 3 punct _ _
# visual-style 10 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 10 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 10 xcomp color:blue
1 But _ CCONJ _ _ 7 cc _ _
2 the _ DET DEF _ 3 det _ _
3 fact _ NOUN SG-NOM _ 7 nsubj _ _
4 is _ AUX PRES _ 7 cop _ SpaceAfter=No
5 , _ PUNCT Comma _ 4 punct _ _
6 it _ PRON PERS-SG _ 7 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
7 's _ VERB PRES _ 0 root _ _
8 not _ PART NEG _ 7 advmod _ _
9 a _ DET IND-SG _ 10 det _ _
10 joke _ NOUN SG-NOM _ 7 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . _ PUNCT Period _ 7 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_English-ParTUT)
This relation is universal.
370 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
367 instances of xcomp (99%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.53243243243243.
The following 15 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: en-pos/VERB-en-pos/VERB (226; 61% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADJ (73; 20% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/NOUN (43; 12% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/VERB (9; 2% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PROPN (6; 2% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/X (3; 1% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADJ (2; 1% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/NUM (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 9 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 9 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 9 xcomp color:blue
1 ( ( PUNCT FB _ 7 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
2 The the DET RD Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _
3 order order NOUN S Number=Sing 7 nsubj:pass _ _
4 of of ADP E _ 5 case _ _
5 business business NOUN S Number=Sing 3 nmod _ _
6 was be AUX VA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 7 aux:pass _ _
7 adopted adopt VERB V Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _
8 thus thus SCONJ CS _ 9 mark _ _
9 amended amend VERB V Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 7 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
10 ) ) PUNCT FB _ 7 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT FS _ 7 punct _ _
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 7 xcomp color:blue
1 How how ADV B _ 4 advmod _ _
2 can can AUX VM Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 aux _ _
3 I I PRON PE Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 4 nsubj _ _
4 make make VERB V VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _
5 my my DET AP Number=Sing|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 6 nmod:poss _ _
6 password password NOUN S Number=Sing 4 obj _ _
7 strong strong ADJ A Degree=Pos 4 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
8 ? ? PUNCT FS _ 4 punct _ _
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 6 xcomp color:blue
1 Keep keep VERB V Mood=Imp|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
2 your you DET AP Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 4 nmod:poss _ _
3 security security NOUN S Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _
4 question question NOUN S Number=Sing 1 obj _ _
5 a a DET RI Definite=Ind|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 6 det _ _
6 secret secret NOUN S Number=Sing 1 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
7 . . PUNCT FS _ 1 punct _ _
xcomp in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]