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xcomp: open clausal complement

An open clausal complement (xcomp) of a verb or an adjective is a predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument external to the xcomp (normally by the subject of the next higher clause). This is often referred to as obligatory control. These complements are always non-finite, and they are complements (arguments of the higher verb or adjective) rather than adjuncts/modifiers, such as a purpose clause. The name xcomp is borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar.

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input
    
brat
    
info
  
Хочешь плавать ? \n Do-you-want to-swim ?
xcomp(Хочешь, плавать)
xcomp(Do-you-want, to-swim)
{
    "text": "Хочешь плавать ? \n Do-you-want to-swim ? ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 7, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 15, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 19, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 31, 38 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 39, 40 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "xcomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R2", "xcomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T6" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

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input
    
brat
    
info
  
Я начал там работать вчера . \n I started there to-work yesterday .
xcomp(начал, работать)
xcomp(started, to-work)
{
    "text": "Я начал там работать вчера . \n I started there to-work yesterday . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 2, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 8, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 12, 20 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T5", "token", [ [ 21, 26 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T6", "token", [ [ 27, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T8", "token", [ [ 31, 32 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T9", "token", [ [ 33, 40 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T10", "token", [ [ 41, 46 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T11", "token", [ [ 47, 54 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T12", "token", [ [ 55, 64 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T13", "token", [ [ 65, 66 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "xcomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R2", "xcomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T9" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T11" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

Note that the above condition “without its own subject” does not mean that a clause is an xcomp just because its subject is not overt. The subject must be necessarily inherited from a fixed position in the higher clause. That is, there should be no available interpretation where the subject of the lower clause may be distinct from the specified role of the upper clause. In cases where the missing subject may or must be distinct from a fixed role in the higher clause, ccomp should be used instead, as below. This includes cases of arbitrary subjects and anaphoric control.

Начальник приказал выкопать ров . \n Boss ordered to-dig ditch .
ccomp(приказал, выкопать)
ccomp(ordered, to-dig)

Pro-drop languages have clauses where the subject is not present as a separate word, yet it is inherently present (and often deducible from the form of the verb) and it does not depend on arguments from a higher clause. Thus in neither of the following two Russian examples is there any overt subject, yet only the second example contains an xcomp.

Пишу , потому что я это обещал . \n I-write , because that I-have it promised .
advcl(Пишу, обещал)
advcl(I-write, promised)

Я обещал писать . \n I have-promised to-write .
xcomp(обещал, писать)
xcomp(have-promised, to-write)

---

Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)

This relation is universal.

581 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.

559 instances of xcomp (96%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child). Average distance between parent and child is 1.73666092943201.

The following 8 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: VERB-VERB (496; 85% instances), ADJ-VERB (60; 10% instances), VERB-NOUN (9; 2% instances), VERB-ADJ (7; 1% instances), ADV-VERB (5; 1% instances), NOUN-VERB (2; 0% instances), ADJ-NOUN (1; 0% instances), AUX-VERB (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 2	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2	fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 3 xcomp	color:blue
1	Хозяин	ХОЗЯИН	NOUN	NN	Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	может	МОЧЬ	VERB	VBC	Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	устроить	УСТРОИТЬ	VERB	VB	Aspect=Perf|VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
4	своего	СВОЙ	DET	PRP$	Animacy=Anim|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Reflex=Yes	5	det	_	_
5	питомца	ПИТОМЕЦ	NOUN	NN	Animacy=Anim|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	на	НА	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	работу	РАБОТА	NOUN	NN	Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_

# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 7 xcomp	color:blue
1	При	ПРИ	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	этом	ЭТО	PRON	DT	Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
3	ягоды	ЯГОДА	NOUN	NN	Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	всегда	ВСЕГДА	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	должны	ДОЛЖЕН	ADJ	JJH	Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Variant=Short	0	root	_	_
6	быть	БЫТЬ	AUX	VB	Aspect=Imp|VerbForm=Inf	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	покрыты	ПОКРЫТЬ	VERB	VBNH	Animacy=Inan|Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|Variant=Short|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	xcomp	_	_
8	жидкостью	ЖИДКОСТЬ	NOUN	NN	Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	7	iobj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_

# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 7 xcomp	color:blue
1	В	В	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	сезоне	СЕЗОН	NOUN	NN	Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
3	2001/02	2001/02	ADJ	ORD	Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	2	amod	_	_
4	помог	ПОМОЧЬ	VERB	VBC	Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	норильчанам	НОРИЛЬЧАНИН	NOUN	NN	Animacy=Anim|Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	4	iobj	_	_
6	стать	СТАТЬ	AUX	VB	Aspect=Perf|VerbForm=Inf	7	cop	_	_
7	чемпионами	ЧЕМПИОН	NOUN	NN	Animacy=Anim|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	4	xcomp	_	_
8	России	РОССИЯ	PROPN	NNP	Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_

---

Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)

This relation is universal.

7886 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.

7479 instances of xcomp (95%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child). Average distance between parent and child is 1.78113111843774.

The following 14 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: VERB-VERB (7833; 99% instances), NOUN-VERB (12; 0% instances), PRON-VERB (7; 0% instances), VERB-ADV (6; 0% instances), PUNCT-VERB (5; 0% instances), VERB-NOUN (5; 0% instances), PART-VERB (4; 0% instances), CCONJ-VERB (3; 0% instances), VERB-NUM (3; 0% instances), PROPN-VERB (2; 0% instances), VERB-PRON (2; 0% instances), VERB-PROPN (2; 0% instances), NUM-VERB (1; 0% instances), SCONJ-VERB (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
# visual-style 2	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2	fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 4 xcomp	color:blue
1	Алгоритм	алгоритм	NOUN	_	Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	2	nsubj	2:nsubj	_
2	может	мочь	VERB	_	Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	0	root	0:root	_
3	быть	быть	AUX	_	Aspect=Imp|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act	4	aux:pass	4:aux:pass	_
4	записан	записывать	VERB	_	Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Variant=Short|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	xcomp	2:xcomp	_
5	словами	слово	NOUN	_	Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur	4	obl	4:obl	_
6	и	и	CCONJ	_	_	7	cc	7:cc	_
7	изображён	изображать	VERB	_	Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Variant=Short|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	4:conj	_
8	схематически	схематически	ADV	_	Degree=Pos	7	advmod	7:advmod	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	8	punct	8:punct	_

# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
# visual-style 1	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1	fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 4 xcomp	color:blue
1	Некому	некого	NOUN	_	Animacy=Anim|Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	0	root	0:root	_
2	было	быть	VERB	_	Aspect=Imp|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	1	cop	1:cop	_
3	бы	бы	PART	_	Mood=Cnd	1	aux	1:aux	_
4	уничтожать	уничтожать	VERB	_	Aspect=Imp|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act	1	xcomp	1:xcomp	_
5	гниющие	гнить	VERB	_	Animacy=Inan|Aspect=Imp|Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act	6	amod	6:amod	_
6	остатки	остатки	NOUN	_	Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	4	obj	4:obj	_
7	растений	растение	NOUN	_	Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur	6	nmod	6:nmod	_
8	и	и	CCONJ	_	_	9	cc	9:cc	_
9	животных	животное	NOUN	_	Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur	7	conj	7:conj	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	9	punct	9:punct	_
11	и	и	CCONJ	_	_	14	cc	14:cc	_
12	мы	мы	PRON	_	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1	14	nsubj	14:nsubj	_
13	бы	бы	PART	_	Mood=Cnd	14	aux	14:aux	_
14	утопали	утопать	VERB	_	Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	1	conj	1:conj	_
15	в	в	ADP	_	_	16	case	16:case	_
16	них	они	PRON	_	Case=Loc|Number=Plur|Person=3	14	obl	14:obl	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	16	punct	16:punct	_

# visual-style 16	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 16	fgColor:white
# visual-style 15	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 15	fgColor:white
# visual-style 15 16 xcomp	color:blue
1	Однако	однако	ADV	_	Degree=Pos	4	advmod	4:advmod	_
2	в	в	ADP	_	_	3	case	3:case	_
3	геологии	геология	NOUN	_	Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	4	nmod	4:nmod	_
4	известно	известный	ADJ	_	Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Variant=Short	0	root	0:root	_
5	более	более	ADV	_	Degree=Cmp	6	advmod	6:advmod	_
6	точно	точно	ADV	_	Degree=Pos	4	advmod	4:advmod	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	6	punct	6:punct	_
8	что	что	PRON	_	Case=Nom	4	orphan	8.1:nsubj	_
8.1	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	4:nsubj	_
9	и	и	CCONJ	_	_	11	cc	11:cc	_
10	как	как	ADV	_	Degree=Pos	11	advmod	11:advmod	_
11	эволюционировало	эволюционировать	VERB	_	Aspect=Imp|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	4	orphan	8.1:conj	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	11	punct	11:punct	_
13	и	и	CCONJ	_	_	15	cc	15:cc	_
14	мы	мы	PRON	_	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1	15	nsubj	15:nsubj	_
15	умеем	уметь	VERB	_	Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	4	conj	4:conj	_
16	датировать	датировать	VERB	_	Aspect=Imp|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act	15	xcomp	15:xcomp	_
17	события	событие	NOUN	_	Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur	16	obj	16:obj	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	17	punct	17:punct	_

---

xcomp in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]

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