xcomp: open clausal complement
This label is used to mark dependent clauses that do not contain their own subject, most often infinitive object clauses.
Use with infinitives
ⲧⲉⲧⲛ/PRON ⲕⲱ/VERB ⲙⲙⲟ/ADP ⲟⲩ/PRON ⲁⲛ/ADV ⲉ/ADP ⲥⲣϥⲉ/VERB ⲉ/ADP ⲁⲁ/VERB ϥ/PRON \n you do not let them engage in making it
nsubj(ⲕⲱ, ⲧⲉⲧⲛ)
obj(ⲕⲱ, ⲟⲩ)
case(ⲟⲩ, ⲙⲙⲟ)
advmod(ⲕⲱ, ⲁⲛ)
xcomp(ⲕⲱ, ⲥⲣϥⲉ)
mark(ⲥⲣϥⲉ, ⲉ-6)
xcomp(ⲥⲣϥⲉ, ⲁⲁ)
mark(ⲁⲁ, ⲉ-8)
det(ⲁⲁ, ϥ)
Note how in the example above, the subject of both infinitives marked by ⲉ is the object of the main verb ⲕⲱ, which is external to the infinitive clauses. The infinitive clauses marked by xcomp are inheriting their subject argument from the main clause argument.
Use with causative ⲧⲣⲉ
Additionally, the subordinate infinitive of the causative construction with ⲧⲣⲉ is also analyzed as xcomp, although the etymological subject of the auxiliary ⲧⲣⲉ is attached to the lexical infinitive as a subject. This facilitates syntactic recognition of the construction next to semantic argument structure extraction:
ⲙⲡⲉ/AUX ⲕ/PRON ⲟⲩⲱϣ/VERB ⲁⲛ/ADV ⲡⲉ/AUX ⲉ/ADP ⲧⲣⲉ/VERB ⲛ/DET ϣⲏⲣⲉ/NOUN ⲙ/ADP ⲡ/DET ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ/NOUN ϫⲓ/VERB ⲟⲩ/DET ⲡⲣⲟⲥⲫⲟⲣⲁ/NOUN \n you did not wish to make the sons of God carry an offering
aux(ⲟⲩⲱϣ, ⲙⲡⲉ)
nsubj(ⲟⲩⲱϣ, ⲕ)
advmod(ⲟⲩⲱϣ, ⲁⲛ)
cop(ⲟⲩϣⲱ, ⲡⲉ)
xcomp(ⲟⲩⲱϣ, ⲧⲣⲉ)
aux(ⲧⲣⲉ, ⲉ)
det(ϣⲏⲣⲉ, ⲛ)
xcomp(ⲧⲣⲉ, ϫⲓ)
nsubj(ϫⲓ, ϣⲏⲣⲉ)
nmod(ϣⲏⲣⲉ, ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ)
case(ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ, ⲙ)
det(ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ, ⲡ)
det(ⲡⲣⲟⲥⲫⲟⲣⲁ, ⲟⲩ)
obj(ϫⲓ, ⲡⲣⲟⲥⲫⲟⲣⲁ)
Note that in the example above, the first xcomp is the normal infinitive case, with no explicit subject, but the second xcomp illustrates the causative construction: ‘sons’ are both the object of ‘making’ and subject of ‘carrying’.
Predicate of ϣⲱⲡⲉ ‘become’
Predicates of ϣⲱⲡⲉ ‘become’ (and stative ϣⲟⲟⲡ) are not considered objects, but are linked as xcomp to the verb. The preposition ⲛ is still marked as case in this construction.
ⲧⲉⲧⲛ ϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲛ ϫⲣⲟⲡ \n you become an obstacle
xcomp(ϣⲱⲡⲉ, ϫⲣⲟⲡ)
case(ϫⲣⲟⲡ, ⲛ)
This analysis effectively treats predicates of verbs of ‘becoming’ as a small clause: become(x,be(y)), with x serving as the overt subject of become, but also the external subject of the ‘be’ predication, much like a governed infinitive.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Coptic)
This relation is universal.
77 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
77 instances of xcomp (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 3.49350649350649.
The following 4 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: cop-pos/VERB-cop-pos/VERB (61; 79% instances), cop-pos/AUX-cop-pos/VERB (6; 8% instances), cop-pos/NOUN-cop-pos/VERB (6; 8% instances), cop-pos/VERB-cop-pos/AUX (4; 5% instances).
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1 ⲛ ⲛ ADV NEG Polarity=Neg 4 advmod _ _
2 ⲥⲉ ⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ PRON PPERS _ 4 nsubj _ _
3 ⲛⲁ ⲛⲁ AUX FUT _ 4 aux _ _
4 ϭⲙϭⲟⲙ ϭⲙϭⲟⲙ VERB V _ 0 root _ _
5 ⲅⲁⲣ ⲅⲁⲣ PART PTC _ 4 advmod _ _
6 ⲁⲛ ⲁⲛ ADV NEG Polarity=Neg 4 advmod _ _
7 ⲉ ⲉ ADP PREP _ 8 aux _ _
8 ⲣϩⲙϩⲁⲗ ⲣϩⲙϩⲁⲗ VERB V _ 4 xcomp _ _
9 ⲛⲁ ⲛⲁ ADP PREP _ 10 case _ _
10 ⲕ ⲛⲧⲟⲕ PRON PPERO _ 8 obl _ _
11 , , PUNCT PUNCT _ 4 punct _ _
12 ⲛ ⲛⲧⲉ AUX ACONJ _ 14 aux _ _
13 ⲥⲉ ⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ PRON PPERS _ 14 nsubj _ _
14 ⲣϩⲙϩⲁⲗ ⲣϩⲙϩⲁⲗ VERB V _ 4 advcl _ _
15 ⲛ ⲛ ADP PREP _ 17 case _ _
16 ⲛ ⲡ DET ART _ 17 det _ _
17 ⲣⲉϥϫⲓⲛϭⲟⲛⲥ ⲣⲉϥϫⲓⲛϭⲟⲛⲥ NOUN N _ 14 obl _ _
18 , , PUNCT PUNCT _ 4 punct _ _
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1 ⲛ ⲛⲧⲉ AUX ACONJ _ 3 aux _ _
2 ϥ ⲛⲧⲟϥ PRON PPERS _ 3 nsubj _ _
3 ϯ ϯ VERB V _ 0 root _ _
4 ⲛⲁ ⲛⲁ ADP PREP _ 5 case _ _
5 ⲩ ⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ PRON PPERO _ 3 obj _ _
6 ⲛ ⲛ ADP PREP _ 8 case _ _
7 ⲧ ⲡ DET ART _ 8 det _ _
8 ⲉⲝⲟⲩⲥⲓⲁ ⲉⲝⲟⲩⲥⲓⲁ NOUN N _ 3 obl _ _
9 ⲉ ⲉⲣⲉ SCONJ CCIRC _ 10 mark _ _
10 ⲛⲉϫ ⲛⲟⲩϫⲉ VERB V _ 8 xcomp _ _
11 ⲇⲁⲓⲙⲱⲛⲓⲟⲛ ⲇⲁⲓⲙⲱⲛⲓⲟⲛ NOUN N _ 10 obj _ _
12 ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ADV ADV _ 10 advmod _ _
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1 ⲁ ⲁ AUX APST _ 3 aux _ _
2 ⲩ ⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ PRON PPERS _ 3 nsubj _ _
3 ⲥⲉⲡⲥⲱⲡ ⲥⲟⲡⲥⲡ VERB V _ 0 root _ _
4 ϥ ⲛⲧⲟϥ PRON PPERO _ 3 obj _ _
5 ⲇⲉ ⲇⲉ PART PTC _ 3 advmod _ _
6 ⲉ ⲉ ADP PREP _ 7 mark _ _
7 ⲧⲣⲉ ⲧⲣⲉ AUX ACAUS _ 3 xcomp _ _
8 ϥ ⲛⲧⲟϥ PRON PPERS _ 9 nsubj _ _
9 ⲡⲱⲱⲛⲉ ⲡⲱⲱⲛⲉ VERB V _ 7 xcomp _ _
10 ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ADV ADV _ 9 advmod _ _
11 ϩⲛ ϩⲛ ADP PREP _ 13 case _ _
12 ⲛⲉⲩ ⲡⲉⲩ DET PPOS _ 13 det _ _
13 ⲧⲟϣ ⲧⲱϣ NOUN N _ 9 obl _ _
xcomp in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]