xcomp: open clausal complement
An open clausal complement (xcomp) of a verb or an adjective is a predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument external to the xcomp (normally by the object of the next higher clause, if there is one, or else by the subject of the next higher clause). These complements are always non-finite, and they are complements (arguments of the higher verb or adjective) rather than adjuncts/modifiers. The name xcomp is borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar.
Il dit que tu aimes nager \n He says that you like to swim
xcomp(aimes, nager)
Je compte y retourner \n I am planning to go back there
xcomp(compte, retourner)
Je le considère comme un ami \n I consider him as a friend
xcomp(considère, ami)
Here are examples from FrenchSpoken:
j' aimerais enseigner dans un établissement public \n I'd like to teach in a public school
xcomp(aimerais, enseigner)
on pourrait imaginer des mélanges \n we could imagine some mixes
xcomp(pourrait, imaginer)
N.B.: For causative constructions (Marie fait repeindre les murs à Jean-Pierre. etc.) see the specific syntax page.
Treebank Statistics (UD_French)
This relation is universal.
1685 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
1675 instances of xcomp (99%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.91988130563798.
The following 24 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/VERB (584; 35% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/NOUN (486; 29% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/ADJ (351; 21% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/PROPN (179; 11% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/NUM (22; 1% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/PRON (22; 1% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/VERB (6; 0% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/X (5; 0% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/ADJ (4; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/ADJ (4; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/VERB (4; 0% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/SYM (4; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/ADV (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/ADV-fr-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/AUX-fr-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/NUM-fr-pos/NUM (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 13 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 13 fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11 fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 13 xcomp color:blue
1 Vraiment vraiment ADV _ _ 6 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
2 , , PUNCT _ _ 6 punct _ _
3 j' je PRON _ Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 6 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
4 y y ADV _ _ 6 advmod _ _
5 ai avoir AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 aux _ _
6 passé passer VERB _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _
7 du du DET _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 det _ _
8 bon bon ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 amod _ _
9 temps temps NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 obj _ _
10 et et CCONJ _ _ 11 cc _ _
11 compte compter VERB _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 conj _ _
12 y y ADV _ _ 13 advmod _ _
13 retourner retourner VERB _ VerbForm=Inf 11 xcomp _ _
14 ! ! PUNCT _ _ 6 punct _ _
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 8 xcomp color:blue
1 Le le DET _ Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 2 det _ _
2 roi roi NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ _
3 Mutesa Mutesa PROPN _ _ 2 appos _ _
4 II II NUM _ _ 3 nummod _ _
5 en en PRON _ Person=3 6 iobj _ _
6 devient devenir VERB _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
7 le le DET _ Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 8 det _ _
8 président président NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 xcomp _ _
9 à à ADP _ _ 10 case _ _
10 vie vie NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 8 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT _ _ 6 punct _ _
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 5 xcomp color:blue
1 La le DET _ Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 2 det _ _
2 junk-food junk-food NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _
3 rend rendre VERB _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
4 aussi aussi ADV _ _ 5 advmod _ _
5 accro accro ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 xcomp _ _
6 que que SCONJ _ _ 8 mark _ _
7 les le DET _ Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art 8 det _ _
8 drogues drogue NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 5 obl _ _
9 dures dur ADJ _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 8 amod _ _
10 ! ! PUNCT _ _ 3 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_French-ParTUT)
This relation is universal.
129 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
129 instances of xcomp (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.66666666666667.
The following 4 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/VERB (83; 64% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/ADJ (33; 26% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/NOUN (9; 7% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/PROPN (4; 3% instances).
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 6 xcomp color:blue
1 Je je PRON PE Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 3 nsubj _ _
2 vous vous PRON PE Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 3 obj _ _
3 invite inviter VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
4 à à ADP E _ 6 mark _ _
5 vous vous PRON PE Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 6 obj _ _
6 lever lever VERB V VerbForm=Inf 3 xcomp _ _
7 pour pour ADP E _ 9 case _ _
8 cette ce DET DD Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 9 det _ _
9 minute minute NOUN S Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 6 obl _ _
10 de de ADP E _ 11 case _ _
11 silence silence NOUN S Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT FS _ 3 punct _ _
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 7 xcomp color:blue
1 créer créer VERB V VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _
2 et et CCONJ CC _ 3 cc _ _
3 reproduire reproduire VERB V VerbForm=Inf 1 conj _ _
4 des un DET RI Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 5 det _ _
5 oeuvres oeuvre NOUN S Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 1 obj _ _
6 dites dire VERB V Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 5 acl _ _
7 derivées dérivé ADJ A Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 6 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
8 ; ; PUNCT FC _ 1 punct _ _
# visual-style 14 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 14 fgColor:white
# visual-style 10 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 10 fgColor:white
# visual-style 10 14 xcomp color:blue
1 Les le DET RD Definite=Def|Number=Plur|PronType=Art 2 det _ _
2 retards retard NOUN S Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 10 nsubj _ _
3 survenus survenir VERB V Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 2 acl _ _
4 dans dans ADP E _ 6 case _ _
5 les le DET RD Definite=Def|Number=Plur|PronType=Art 6 det _ _
6 travaux travail NOUN S Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 3 obl _ _
7 de de ADP E _ 9 case _ _
8 le le DET RD Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 9 det _ _
9 Cen Cen PROPN SP _ 6 nmod _ _
10 entraînent entraîner VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
11 à à ADP E _ 12 case _ _
12 présent présent ADJ A Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 10 obl _ _
13 des un DET RI Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 14 det _ _
14 problèmes problème NOUN S Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 10 xcomp _ _
15 dans dans ADP E _ 17 case _ _
16 l' le DET RD Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 17 det _ SpaceAfter=No
17 application application NOUN S Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 14 nmod _ _
18 même même ADV B _ 17 advmod _ _
19 de de ADP E _ 21 case _ _
20 la le DET RD Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 21 det _ _
21 directive directive NOUN S Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 17 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
22 . . PUNCT FS _ 10 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_French-Sequoia)
This relation is universal.
536 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
536 instances of xcomp (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.89738805970149.
The following 8 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/VERB (463; 86% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/VERB (38; 7% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/ADJ (25; 5% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/VERB (4; 1% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 5 xcomp color:blue
1 Le le DET _ Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 2 det _ _
2 conteur conteur NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _
3 a avoir AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 aux _ _
4 fait faire VERB _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _
5 jouer jouer VERB _ VerbForm=Inf 4 xcomp _ _
6 les le DET _ Definite=Def|Number=Plur|PronType=Art 7 det _ _
7 enfants enfant NOUN _ Number=Plur 5 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT _ _ 5 punct _ _
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 8 xcomp color:blue
1 Eric Eric PROPN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _
2 Halphen Halphen PROPN _ _ 1 flat:name _ _
3 reçoit recevoir VERB _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
4 une un DET _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 5 det _ _
5 personne personne NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 3 obj _ _
6 désireuse désireux ADJ _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 amod _ _
7 de de ADP _ _ 8 mark _ _
8 garder garder VERB _ VerbForm=Inf 6 xcomp _ _
9 l' le DET _ Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 10 det _ SpaceAfter=No
10 anonymat anonymat NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT _ _ 3 punct _ _
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 7 xcomp color:blue
1 Nous il PRON _ Number=Plur|Person=1 3 nsubj _ _
2 devrions devoir AUX _ Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 aux _ _
3 prendre prendre VERB _ VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _
4 cela cela PRON _ Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 3 obj _ _
5 à à ADP _ _ 7 case _ _
6 le le DET _ Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 7 det _ _
7 sérieux sérieux ADJ _ Gender=Masc 3 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT _ _ 3 punct _ _
xcomp in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]