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Polarity: whether the word can be or is negated

In Slovenian, negation can be expressed in different ways. Syntactically, it can be marked by using negation particle ne “not”, as in Tega ne vem “I do not know that.” or Šli smo na ne najbolj zanimivo predavanje. “We attended a not too interesting lecture.”, or by using special negated verb form, as in To ni ona. “This is not her.” Morhplogically, negation is marked by prefix ne-, as in nepravičen “unfair”, neželen “unwanted” etc.

In the Slovenian UD Treebank, we currently only mark negation as an inflectional feature of a limited set of verbs and auxiliaries: biti “to be”, imeti “to have”, hoteti “to want”.

Neg: negative

Polarity is assigned to negated word forms of verbs biti, imeti, hoteti.

Examples

• nisem “I am not”, nisi “you are not”, ni “he/she/it is not” etc.
• nimam “I do not have”, nimaš “you do not have”, nima “he/she/it does not have” etc.
• nočem “I do not want”, nočeš “you do not want”, nočemo “he/she/it does not want” etc.

Pos: positive, affirmative

Positive is assigned to non-negated word forms of verbs biti, imeti, hoteti with identical set of other grammatical features.

Examples

• sem “I am”, nisi “you are”, je “he/she/it is” etc.
• imam “I have”, imaš “you have”, ima “he/she/it has” etc.
• hočem “I want”, hočeš “you want”, hočemo “he/she/it wants” etc.

Conversion from JOS

All verbs with feature Negative=no are converted to Negative=Pos and all verbs with feature Negative=yes are converted to Negative=Neg.

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian)

This feature is language-specific. It occurs with 2 different values: Neg, Pos.

9038 tokens (7%) have a non-empty value of Polarity. 95 types (0%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Polarity. 5 lemmas (0%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Polarity. The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: sl-pos/AUX (7447; 6% instances), sl-pos/VERB (978; 1% instances), sl-pos/PART (613; 0% instances).

AUX

7447 sl-pos/AUX tokens (83% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Polarity.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Polarity co-occurred: Mood=Ind (7447; 100%), VerbForm=Fin (7447; 100%), Tense=Pres (6559; 88%), Person=3 (6511; 87%), Number=Sing (5062; 68%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Polarity:

• Neg (557; 7% of non-empty Polarity): ni, niso, nisem, nismo, niste, nista, nisva, nisi
• Pos (6890; 93% of non-empty Polarity): je, so, bo, sem, bodo, sta, smo, bomo, boste, ste

Paradigm biti	Neg	Pos
Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut		bom
Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres	nisem	sem
Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Fut		boš
Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres	nisi	si, as
Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut		bo
Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres	ni	je
Number=Dual|Person=1|Tense=Fut		bova
Number=Dual|Person=1|Tense=Pres	nisva	sva
Number=Dual|Person=2|Tense=Fut		bosta
Number=Dual|Person=2|Tense=Pres		sta
Number=Dual|Person=3|Tense=Fut		bosta
Number=Dual|Person=3|Tense=Pres	nista	sta
Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut		bomo
Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres	nismo	smo
Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Fut		boste
Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres	niste	ste
Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut		bodo, bojo
Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres	niso	so

VERB

978 sl-pos/VERB tokens (8% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Polarity.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Polarity co-occurred: Gender=EMPTY (978; 100%), VerbForm=Fin (978; 100%), Mood=Ind (978; 100%), Tense=Pres (895; 92%), Person=3 (855; 87%), Number=Sing (726; 74%), Aspect=EMPTY (637; 65%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Polarity:

• Neg (169; 17% of non-empty Polarity): ni, nima, nimajo, nimam, noče, nimamo, nisem, nimate, nismo, niso
• Pos (809; 83% of non-empty Polarity): je, ima, imajo, bo, so, imamo, imate, imam, hoče, bodo

Paradigm biti	Neg	Pos
Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut		bom
Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres	nisem	sem
Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres	nisi	si
Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut		bo
Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres	ni	je
Number=Dual|Person=1|Tense=Pres		Sva
Number=Dual|Person=3|Tense=Pres		sta
Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres	nismo	smo
Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Fut		boste
Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres	niste	ste
Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut		bodo
Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres	niso	so

PART

613 sl-pos/PART tokens (17% of all PART tokens) have a non-empty value of Polarity.

PART tokens may have the following values of Polarity:

• Neg (613; 100% of non-empty Polarity): ne

Relations with Agreement in Polarity

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Polarity: AUX –[conj]–> VERB (1; 100%).

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian-SST)

This feature is language-specific. It occurs with 2 different values: Neg, Pos.

1783 tokens (9%) have a non-empty value of Polarity. 43 types (1%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Polarity. 4 lemmas (0%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Polarity. The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: sl-pos/AUX (1090; 6% instances), sl-pos/VERB (499; 3% instances), sl-pos/PART (194; 1% instances).

AUX

1090 sl-pos/AUX tokens (86% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Polarity.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Polarity co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (1090; 100%), Mood=Ind (1090; 100%), Tense=Pres (939; 86%), Number=Sing (765; 70%), Person=3 (730; 67%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Polarity:

• Neg (73; 7% of non-empty Polarity): ni, nisem, nismo, niso, nisi, niste, nisva
• Pos (1017; 93% of non-empty Polarity): je, so, sem, smo, bo, si, bomo, ste, bom, boš

Paradigm biti	Neg	Pos
Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut		bom
Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres	nisem	sem
Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Fut		boš
Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres	nisi	si
Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut		bo
Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres	ni	je, biti
Number=Dual|Person=1|Tense=Fut		bova
Number=Dual|Person=1|Tense=Pres	nisva	sva
Number=Dual|Person=3|Tense=Fut		bosta
Number=Dual|Person=3|Tense=Pres		sta
Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut		bomo
Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres	nismo	smo
Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Fut		boste
Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres	niste	ste
Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut		bodo, bojo
Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres	niso	so

VERB

499 sl-pos/VERB tokens (19% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Polarity.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Polarity co-occurred: Mood=Ind (499; 100%), Gender=EMPTY (499; 100%), VerbForm=Fin (499; 100%), Tense=Pres (451; 90%), Number=Sing (379; 76%), Aspect=EMPTY (360; 72%), Person=3 (350; 70%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Polarity:

• Neg (63; 13% of non-empty Polarity): ni, nima, nimam, nimajo, niso, noče, nimamo, nisem, nimaš, nismo
• Pos (436; 87% of non-empty Polarity): je, so, ima, bo, imamo, imajo, imaš, si, imate, bom

Paradigm biti	Neg	Pos
Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut		bom
Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres	nisem	sem
Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Fut		boš
Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres		si
Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut		bo
Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres	ni	je
Number=Dual|Person=1|Tense=Fut		bova
Number=Dual|Person=1|Tense=Pres		sva
Number=Dual|Person=3|Tense=Fut		bosta
Number=Dual|Person=3|Tense=Pres		sta
Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut		bomo
Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres	nismo	smo
Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres	niste	ste
Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut		bodo, bojo
Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres	niso	so

PART

194 sl-pos/PART tokens (11% of all PART tokens) have a non-empty value of Polarity.

PART tokens may have the following values of Polarity:

• Neg (194; 100% of non-empty Polarity): ne

Relations with Agreement in Polarity

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Polarity: VERB –[reparandum]–> VERB (10; 56%), AUX –[reparandum]–> VERB (2; 100%), AUX –[reparandum]–> AUX (1; 100%).

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Polarity in other languages: [u]

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