iobj: indirect object
The indirect object of a verb is any nominal phrase that is a core argument of the verb but is not its subject or direct object. The prototypical example is the recipient of ditransitive verbs of exchange:
Павел дал Петру две груши . \n Pavel gave Peter two pears .
iobj(дал, Петру)
iobj(gave, Peter)
However, Russian allows other semantic roles as additional objects. The morphological ru-feat/Case of the objects is dictated by verb valency.
In the following Russian example, the verb takes two arguments. One of them is direct object (patient), the other is indirect (addressee). It is parallel to how the English translation would be annotated (where there is no morphological case marking) and also to verbs of giving (cf. a similar sentence, he gave my daughter a class of maths).
Он преподает моей дочери математику . \n He teaches my daughter.Dat maths.Acc .
obj(преподает, математику)
iobj(преподает, дочери)
obj(teaches, maths.Acc)
iobj(teaches, daughter.Dat)
In general, if there is just one object, it should be labeled obj, regardless of the morphological case or semantic role. For example, преподавать “to teach” can take either the subject matter or the recipient as the only object, and in both cases it would be analyzed as the obj:
Он преподает математику . \n He teaches maths .
obj(преподает, математику)
obj(teaches, maths)
Он преподает студентам . \n He teaches students .
obj(преподает, студентам)
obj(teaches, students)
The one exception is when there is a clausal complement. Then the clausal complement is regarded as a “clausal direct object” and an object nominal will be an iobj, parallel to the simple ditransitive case:
Она сказала студентам , что сегодня вечером нужно учиться . \n She told students , that today evening they-needed to-study .
iobj(сказала, студентам)
ccomp(сказала, нужно)
iobj(told, students)
ccomp(told, they-needed)
Она рассказала студентам свой план . \n She told students her plan .
iobj(рассказала, студентам)
obj(рассказала, план)
iobj(told, students)
obj(told, plan)
If there are two or more objects, one of them should be obj and the others should be iobj. In such cases it is necessary to decide what is the most directly affected object (patient), and the Accusative ru-feat/Case has priority over the Dative, Instrumental, and Genitive cases.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
This relation is universal.
962 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as iobj.
808 instances of iobj (84%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.03222453222453.
The following 24 pairs of parts of speech are connected with iobj: ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/NOUN (578; 60% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/PRON (141; 15% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/PROPN (83; 9% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/NOUN (71; 7% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/NOUN (32; 3% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/PROPN (12; 1% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/PRON (9; 1% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/DET (8; 1% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/PRON (4; 0% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/ADV (4; 0% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/NUM (3; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/DET (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/PROPN-ru-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/ADJ (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/NUM (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADP-ru-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADP-ru-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/AUX-ru-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/NUM-ru-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 5 iobj color:blue
1 Жена ЖЕНА NOUN NN Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _
2 Дзодзуашвили ДЗОДЗУАШВИЛИ PROPN NNP Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 nmod _ _
3 приходится ПРИХОДИТЬСЯ VERB VBC Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid 0 root _ _
4 тетей ТЕТЯ NOUN NN Animacy=Anim|Case=Ins|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 3 advmod _ _
5 жене ЖЕНА NOUN NN Animacy=Anim|Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 3 iobj _ _
6 Владимира ВЛАДИМИР PROPN NNP Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ _
7 Гуцаева ГУЦАЕВ PROPN NNP Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 flat _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 3 iobj color:blue
1 Они ОНИ PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 nsubj _ _
2 сказали СКАЗАТЬ VERB VBC Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
3 мне Я PRON PRP Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=1 2 iobj _ SpaceAfter=No
4 , , PUNCT , _ 8 punct _ _
5 что ЧТО SCONJ IN _ 8 mark _ _
6 им ОНИ PRON PRP Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3 8 iobj _ _
7 очень ОЧЕНЬ ADV RB _ 8 advmod _ _
8 понравилось ПОНРАВИТЬСЯ VERB VBC Aspect=Perf|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid 2 ccomp _ _
9 мое МОЙ DET PRP$ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=1 10 det _ _
10 выступление ВЫСТУПЛЕНИЕ NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 7 iobj color:blue
1 Наиболее НАИБОЛЕЕ ADV RBS Degree=Sup 2 advmod _ _
2 известный ИЗВЕСТНЫЙ ADJ JJL Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 amod _ _
3 русский РУССКИЙ ADJ JJL Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 amod _ _
4 перевод ПЕРЕВОД NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 nsubj:pass _ _
5 был БЫТЬ AUX VBC Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 aux:pass _ _
6 сделан СДЕЛАТЬ VERB VBNH Animacy=Inan|Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Variant=Short|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _
7 Даниилом ДАНИИЛ PROPN NNP Animacy=Anim|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 iobj _ _
8 Хармсом ХАРМС PROPN NNP Animacy=Anim|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 7 flat _ SpaceAfter=No
9 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
This relation is universal.
1249 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as iobj.
731 instances of iobj (59%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 3.11609287429944.
The following 32 pairs of parts of speech are connected with iobj: ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/NOUN (693; 55% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/PRON (215; 17% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/PRON (58; 5% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/PROPN (54; 4% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/NOUN (40; 3% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/NOUN (36; 3% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/PRON (36; 3% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/NOUN (33; 3% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/PRON (31; 2% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/ADJ (6; 0% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/DET (6; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/PROPN (5; 0% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/PROPN (5; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/ADJ (3; 0% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/ADJ (3; 0% instances), ru-pos/PRON-ru-pos/PRON (3; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/PART-ru-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/PROPN-ru-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/PROPN-ru-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/PUNCT-ru-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/DET (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADP-ru-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/DET (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/DET-ru-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/DET (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/NUM-ru-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/PRON-ru-pos/DET (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/PRON-ru-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/PROPN-ru-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 4 iobj color:blue
1 Например например ADV _ Degree=Pos 6 parataxis 6:parataxis SpaceAfter=No
2 , , PUNCT _ _ 1 punct 1:punct _
3 для для ADP _ _ 4 case 4:case _
4 описания описание NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 6 iobj 6:iobj _
5 алгоритма алгоритм NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 nmod 4:nmod _
6 применяются применять VERB _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass 0 root 0:root _
7 блок-схемы блок-схема NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 6 nsubj:pass 6:nsubj:pass SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT _ _ 7 punct 7:punct _
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 4 iobj color:blue
1 - - PUNCT _ _ 2 punct 2:punct _
2 Что что PRON _ Case=Acc 5 obj 5:obj _
3 для для ADP _ _ 4 case 4:case _
4 вас вы PRON _ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=2 5 iobj 5:iobj _
5 значит значить VERB _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root 0:root _
6 название название NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 5 nsubj 5:nsubj _
7 картины картина NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 6 nmod 6:nmod _
8 - - PUNCT _ _ 7 punct 7:punct _
9 " " PUNCT _ _ 10 punct 10:punct SpaceAfter=No
10 Социальная социальный ADJ _ Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 11 amod 11:amod _
11 сеть сеть NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 6 parataxis 6:parataxis SpaceAfter=No
12 " " PUNCT _ _ 11 punct 11:punct SpaceAfter=No
13 ? ? PUNCT _ _ 11 punct 11:punct _
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 2 iobj color:blue
1 Здесь здесь ADV _ Degree=Pos 0 root 0:root _
2 нам мы PRON _ Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=1 1 iobj 1:iobj _
3 и и CCONJ _ _ 7 cc 7:cc _
4 шестиногость шестиногость NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 1 nsubj 1:nsubj SpaceAfter=No
5 , , PUNCT _ _ 4 punct 4:punct _
6 и и CCONJ _ _ 7 cc 7:cc _
7 многоголовость многоголовость NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 4 conj 4:conj SpaceAfter=No
8 ! ! PUNCT _ _ 7 punct 7:punct _
iobj in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fo] [fr] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]