iobj: indirect object
The indirect object of a verb is any nominal phrase that is a core argument of the verb but is not its subject or direct object. The prototypical example is the recipient of ditransitive verbs of exchange:
Pavel dal Petrovi dvě hrušky . \n Pavel gave Petr two pears .
iobj(dal, Petrovi)
iobj(gave, Petr)
However, Czech allows other semantic roles as additional objects. The morphological cs-feat/Case of the objects is dictated by verb valency.
In the following Czech example, the verb takes two arguments, both are nouns in the accusative case. One of them is direct object (patient), the other is indirect (addressee). It is parallel to how the English translation would be annotated (where there is no morphological case marking) and also to verbs of giving (consider a similar sentence, he gave my daughter a class of maths).
On učí mou dceru matematiku . \n He teaches my daughter.Acc maths.Acc .
obj(učí, matematiku)
iobj(učí, dceru)
obj(teaches, maths.Acc)
iobj(teaches, daughter.Acc)
In general, if there is just one object, it should be labeled obj, regardless of the morphological case or semantic role. For example, učit “to teach” can take either the subject matter or the recipient as the only object, and in both cases it would be analyzed as the obj:
Učí úvod do logiky . \n He-teaches introduction to logic .
obj(Učí, úvod)
obj(He-teaches, introduction)
Učí studenty prvního ročníku . \n He-teaches students of-first year .
obj(Učí, studenty)
obj(He-teaches, students)
The one exception is when there is a clausal complement.
Then the clausal complement is regarded as a “clausal direct object” and an object nominal will be an iobj, parallel to
the simple ditransitive case:
Řekla studentům , že dnes večer musí studovat . \n She-told students , that today evening they-needed to-study .
iobj(Řekla, studentům)
ccomp(Řekla, musí)
iobj(She-told, students)
ccomp(She-told, they-needed)
Řekla studentům svůj plán . \n She-told students her plan .
iobj(Řekla, studentům)
obj(Řekla, plán)
iobj(She-told, students)
obj(She-told, plan)
If there are two or
more objects, one of them should be obj and the others should be
iobj. In such cases it is necessary to decide what is the
most directly affected object (patient).
Diffs
Prague Dependency Treebank
The manual annotation of the PDT does not distinguish direct and indirect objects.
Therefore most non-clausal dependents labeled Obj in PDT are currently labeled obj
in the converted data, even if it results in two or more direct objects attached to one verb.
Occasionally a heuristic was used: if there are two objects, one of them accusative and the other dative, then the former is obj and the latter iobj.
But such heuristics do not cover all possible objects, and even ditransitive verbs may occur without one of their objects because of ellipsis.
In future, the valency lexicon Vallex
could be used to identify the main object.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)
This relation is universal.
7477 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as iobj.
4522 instances of iobj (60%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.99799384779992.
The following 9 pairs of parts of speech are connected with iobj: cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NOUN (4031; 54% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PRON (1994; 27% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PROPN (635; 8% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADJ (411; 5% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/DET (324; 4% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NUM (55; 1% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADV (24; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/SYM (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PART (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 10 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 10 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 10 iobj color:blue
1 Mohou moci VERB VB-P---3P-AA--1 Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ LGloss=(mít_možnost_[něco_dělat])
2 zde zde ADV Db------------- PronType=Dem 1 advmod _ _
3 porovnat porovnat VERB Vf--------A---- Aspect=Perf|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 1 xcomp _ _
4 svůj svůj DET P8IS4---------- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes 5 det _ LId=svůj-1|LGloss=(přivlast.)
5 vývoj vývoj NOUN NNIS4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 3 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
6 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 7 punct _ _
7 záměry záměr NOUN NNIP4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos 5 conj _ _
8 se s ADP RV--7---------- AdpType=Voc|Case=Ins 10 case _ LId=s-1
9 světovými světový ADJ AAIP7----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos 10 amod _ _
10 trendy trend NOUN NNIP7-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos 3 iobj _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 1 punct _ _
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 3 iobj color:blue
1 Může moci VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ LGloss=(mít_možnost_[něco_dělat])
2 po po ADP RR--6---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Loc 3 case _ LId=po-1
3 mně já PRON PP-S6--1------- Case=Loc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 7 iobj _ _
4 takové takový DET PDIP4---------- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 5 det _ _
5 údaje údaj NOUN NNIP4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos 7 obj _ _
6 pojišťovna pojišťovna NOUN NNFS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 1 nsubj _ _
7 vyžadovat vyžadovat VERB Vf--------A---- Aspect=Imp|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 1 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
8 ? ? PUNCT Z:------------- _ 1 punct _ _
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 9 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 9 fgColor:white
# visual-style 9 8 iobj color:blue
1 Z z ADP RR--2---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Gen 3 case _ LId=z-1
2 českého český ADJ AAIS2----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 3 amod _ _
3 tisku tisk NOUN NNIS2-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 9 obl _ _
4 se se PRON P7-X4---------- Case=Acc|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes|Variant=Short 9 expl:pv _ LGloss=(zvr._zájmeno/částice)
5 čtenář čtenář NOUN NNMS1-----A---- Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 9 nsubj _ _
6 o o ADP RR--6---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Loc 8 case _ LId=o-1
7 současném současný ADJ AANS6----1A---- Case=Loc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 8 amod _ _
8 Německu Německo PROPN NNNS6-----A---- Case=Loc|Gender=Neut|NameType=Geo|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 9 iobj _ _
9 dovídá dovídat VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
10 velice velice ADV Db------------- _ 11 advmod _ _
11 málo málo DET Ca--4---------- Case=Acc|NumType=Card|PronType=Ind 9 obj _ LId=málo-1|LGloss=(málo_+_2._p.,_málo_peněz)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CAC)
This relation is universal.
2076 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as iobj.
1453 instances of iobj (70%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 3.12042389210019.
The following 8 pairs of parts of speech are connected with iobj: cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NOUN (1334; 64% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PRON (494; 24% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/DET (92; 4% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADJ (88; 4% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PROPN (48; 2% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NUM (14; 1% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/SYM (5; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 5 iobj color:blue
1 Zvýšené zvýšený ADJ AANS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 2 amod _ LDeriv=zvýšit
2 úsilí úsilí NOUN NNNS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 4 obj _ _
3 budeme být AUX VB-P---1F-AA--- Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 4 aux _ _
4 věnovat věnovat VERB Vf--------A---- Aspect=Imp|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _
5 zavádění zavádění NOUN NNNS3-----A---- Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 4 iobj _ LDeriv=zavádět
6 nových nový ADJ AAIP2----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos 7 amod _ _
7 poznatků poznatek NOUN NNIP2-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos 5 nmod _ _
8 do do ADP RR--2---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Gen 9 case _ LId=do-1
9 praxe praxe NOUN NNFS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 5 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 4 punct _ _
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 3 iobj color:blue
1 Dobrý dobrý ADJ AAIS1----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 2 amod _ _
2 vzhled vzhled NOUN NNIS1-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 4 nsubj _ _
3 nám já PRON PP-P3--1------- Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 4 iobj _ _
4 dodává dodávat VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ LDeriv=dodat
5 jistotu jistota NOUN NNFS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 4 obj _ _
6 a a CCONJ J^------------- _ 7 cc _ LId=a-1
7 sebevědomí sebevědomí NOUN NNNS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 5 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
8 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 10 punct _ _
9 které který DET P4NS4---------- Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Int,Rel 10 obj _ _
10 potřebujeme potřebovat VERB VB-P---1P-AA--- Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 acl _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 4 punct _ _
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 6 iobj color:blue
1 A a CCONJ J^------------- _ 7 cc _ _
2 že že SCONJ J,------------- _ 7 advmod _ _
3 co co PRON PQ--4---------- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|PronType=Int,Rel 7 obj _ LId=co-1
4 by být AUX Vc-X---3------- Mood=Cnd|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin 7 aux _ _
5 na na ADP RR--4---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Acc 6 case _ _
6 to ten DET PDNS4---------- Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 7 iobj _ _
7 řekly říci VERB VpTP---XR-AA--- Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
8 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 11 punct _ _
9 když když SCONJ J,------------- _ 11 mark _ _
10 by být AUX Vc------------- Mood=Cnd|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin 11 aux _ _
11 šli jít VERB VpMP---XR-AA--- Animacy=Anim|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 7 advcl _ _
12 společně společně ADV Dg-------1A---- Degree=Pos|Polarity=Pos 11 advmod _ LDeriv=společný
13 darovat darovat VERB Vf--------A---- Aspect=Imp|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 11 advcl _ _
14 krev krev NOUN NNFS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 13 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
15 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 7 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CLTT)
This relation is universal.
15 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as iobj.
9 instances of iobj (60%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 4.2.
The following 2 pairs of parts of speech are connected with iobj: cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NOUN (12; 80% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PRON (3; 20% instances).
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 6 iobj color:blue
1 (1) (1) PUNCT Z:------------- _ 4 punct _ _
2 Účetní účetní ADJ AAFP1----1A---- Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos 3 amod _ LId=účetní-1
3 jednotky jednotka NOUN NNFP1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos 4 nsubj _ _
4 mohou moci VERB VB-P---3P-AA--1 Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
5 pověřit pověřit VERB Vf--------A---- Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 4 xcomp _ _
6 vedením vedení NOUN NNNS7-----A---- Case=Ins|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 5 iobj _ _
7 svého svůj DET P8ZS2---------- Case=Gen|Gender=Masc,Neut|Number=Sing|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes 8 det _ LId=svůj-1
8 účetnictví účetnictví NOUN NNNS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 6 nmod _ _
9 i i CCONJ J^------------- _ 14 advmod:emph _ LId=i-1
10 jinou jiný ADJ AAFS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 14 amod _ _
11 právnickou právnický ADJ AAFS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 14 amod _ _
12 nebo nebo CCONJ J^------------- _ 13 cc _ _
13 fyzickou fyzický ADJ AAFS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 11 conj _ _
14 osobu osoba NOUN NNFS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 5 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
15 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 4 punct _ _
# visual-style 35 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 35 fgColor:white
# visual-style 37 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 37 fgColor:white
# visual-style 37 35 iobj color:blue
1 (4) (4) PUNCT Z:------------- _ 14 punct _ _
2 Z z ADP RR--2---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Gen 4 case _ LId=z-1
3 účetních účetní ADJ AAFP2----1A---- Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos 4 amod _ LId=účetní-1
4 jednotek jednotka NOUN NNFP2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos 14 obl _ _
5 podle podle ADP RR--2---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Gen 6 case _ LId=podle-2
6 § § X X@------------- _ 14 advmod _ _
7 1 1 X X@------------- _ 6 flat _ _
8 odst. odst. X X@------------- _ 6 flat _ _
9 2 2 X X@------------- _ 6 flat _ _
10 písm. písm. X X@------------- _ 6 flat _ _
11 d) d) X X@------------- _ 6 flat _ _
12 až až X X@------------- _ 6 flat _ _
13 h) h) X X@------------- _ 6 flat _ _
14 mohou moci VERB VB-P---3P-AA--1 Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
15 vést vést VERB Vf--------A---- Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 14 xcomp _ LId=vést-1
16 účetnictví účetnictví NOUN NNNS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 15 obj _ _
17 ve v ADP RV--6---------- AdpType=Voc|Case=Loc 19 case _ LId=v-1
18 zjednodušeném zjednodušený ADJ AAIS6----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 19 amod _ _
19 rozsahu rozsah NOUN NNIS6-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 16 nmod _ _
20 ty ten PRON PDFP4---------- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 14 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
21 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 23 punct _ _
22 které který PRON P4FP1---------- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Int,Rel 23 nsubj _ _
23 nemají mít VERB VB-P---3P-NA--- Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 20 acl _ _
24 povinnost povinnost NOUN NNFS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 23 obj _ _
25 mít mít VERB Vf--------A---- Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 24 acl _ _
26 účetní účetní ADJ AAFS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 27 amod _ LId=účetní-1
27 závěrku závěrka NOUN NNFS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 25 obj _ _
28 ověřenu ověřit VERB VsFS4--XX-AP--- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 27 xcomp _ _
29 auditorem auditor NOUN NNMS7-----A---- Animacy=Anim|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 28 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
30 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 32 punct _ _
31 nebo nebo CCONJ J^------------- _ 32 cc _ _
32 ty ten PRON PDMP4---------- Animacy=Anim|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 20 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
33 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 37 punct _ _
34 o o ADP RR--6---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Loc 35 case _ LId=o-1
35 nichž jenž PRON P9XP6---------- Case=Loc|Number=Plur|PrepCase=Pre|PronType=Rel 37 iobj _ _
36 to ten PRON PDNS4---------- Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 37 obj _ _
37 stanoví stanovit VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 32 acl _ _
38 zvláštní zvláštní ADJ AAIS1----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 39 amod _ _
39 zákon zákon NOUN NNIS1-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 37 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
40 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 14 punct _ _
iobj in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fo] [fr] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]