iobj: indirect object
The indirect object of a verb is any nominal phrase that is a core argument of the verb but is not its subject or direct object. The prototypical example is the recipient of ditransitive verbs of exchange:
Ela me deu um aumento
iobj(deu, me)
In general, if there is just one object, it should be labeled obj, regardless of the morphological case or semantic role. For example, in Portuguese, ensinar can take either the subject matter or the recipient as the only object, and in both cases it would be analyzed ad the obj:
Ela ensina lógica
dobj(ensina, lógica)
Ela ensina os alunos do primeiro ano
dobj(ensina, alunos)
Ela ensina lógica a os alunos do primeiro ano
dobj(ensina, lógica)
iobj(ensina, alunos)
This is consistent with the analysis of Huddleston and Pullum (2002) “The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language”, chapter 4 section 4 (p. 251). As they note, it is no different to the same semantic role being sometimes the subject and sometimes the object in intransitive/transitive alternations. The one exception is when there is a clausal complement. Then the clausal complement is regarded as a “clausal direct object” and an object nominal will be an iobj, parallel to the simple ditransitive case:
Ela disse a os estudante que eles precisam estudar esta noite
iobj(disse, estudantes)
ccomp(told, precisam)
Ela disse o plano a os estudantes
iobj(disse, estudantes)
dobj(disse, plano)
If there are two or
more objects, one of them should be obj and the others should be
iobj. In such cases it is necessary to decide what is the
most directly affected object (patient). In Portuguese, usually iobj comes with a preposition (a, de, em) or in olibque case (me, se, lhe).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Portuguese)
This relation is universal.
231 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as iobj.
143 instances of iobj (62%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.3030303030303.
The following 7 pairs of parts of speech are connected with iobj: pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/PRON (220; 95% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/NOUN (4; 2% instances), pt-pos/ADJ-pt-pos/PRON (2; 1% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/PRON (2; 1% instances), pt-pos/ADV-pt-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/X (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 7 iobj color:blue
1 Pouco pouco ADV <quant>|ADV|@>A _ 2 advmod _ _
2 depois depois ADV ADV|@ADVL> _ 6 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
3 , , PUNCT PU|@PU _ 2 punct _ _
4 o o DET <artd>|ART|M|S|@>N Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 5 det _ _
5 príncipe príncipe NOUN <np-def>|N|M|S|@SUBJ> Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ _
6 aponta apontar VERB <mv>|V|PR|3S|IND|@FS-STA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
7 lhe ele PRON PERS|M|3S|DAT|@<DAT Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 6 iobj _ _
8 a o DET <artd>|ART|F|S|@>N Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 9 det _ _
9 arma arma NOUN <np-def>|N|F|S|@<ACC Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 6 obj _ _
10 a a ADP <sam->|PRP|@<ADVL _ 12 case _ _
11 o o DET <-sam>|<artd>|ART|M|S|@>N Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 12 det _ _
12 ventre ventre NOUN <np-def>|N|M|S|@P< Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . . PUNCT PU|@PU _ 6 punct _ _
# visual-style 9 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 9 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 9 iobj color:blue
1 O o DET <artd>|ART|M|S|@>N Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 2 det _ _
2 lucro lucro NOUN <np-def>|N|M|S|@SUBJ> Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _
3 cresceu crescer VERB <first-cjt>|<mv>|V|PS|3S|IND|@FS-STA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
4 24 24 NUM <card>|NUM|M|P|@>N NumType=Card 5 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No
5 % % SYM <np-def>|N|M|P|@<ACC Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 3 obj _ _
6 para para ADP PRP|@<ADVL _ 9 case _ _
7 US$ US$ SYM _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 9 compound _ _
8 51 51 NUM <card>|NUM|M|P|@>N NumType=Card 9 nummod _ _
9 milhões milhão NOUN <np-def>|N|M|P|@P< Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 3 iobj _ _
10 e e CCONJ <co-fcl>|KC|@CO _ 3 cc _ _
11 as o DET <artd>|ART|F|P|@>N Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art 12 det _ _
12 vendas venda NOUN <np-def>|N|F|P|@SUBJ> Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 3 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
13 , , PUNCT PU|@PU _ 12 punct _ _
14 18 18 NUM <card>|NUM|M|P|@>N NumType=Card 15 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No
15 % % SYM <Eg>|<np-def>|N|M|P|@<ACC Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 12 orphan _ SpaceAfter=No
16 , , PUNCT PU|@PU _ 15 punct _ _
17 para para ADP PRP|@<ADVL _ 20 case _ _
18 US$ US$ SYM _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 20 compound _ _
19 776 776 NUM <card>|NUM|M|P|@>N NumType=Card 20 nummod _ _
20 milhões milhão NOUN <np-def>|N|M|P|@P< Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 12 orphan _ SpaceAfter=No
21 . . PUNCT PU|@PU _ 3 punct _ _
# visual-style 20 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 20 fgColor:white
# visual-style 23 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 23 fgColor:white
# visual-style 23 20 iobj color:blue
1 « « PUNCT PU|@PU _ 23 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
2 Um um DET <arti>|ART|M|S|@>N Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 4 det _ _
3 outro outro DET <diff>|DET|M|S|@>N Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 4 det _ _
4 poder poder NOUN <np-idf>|N|M|S|@SUBJ> Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 23 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
5 , , PUNCT PU|@PU _ 6 punct _ _
6 aliado aliar VERB <mv>|<first-cjt>|V|PCP|M|S|@ICL-N<PRED Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part 4 acl _ _
7 mas mas CCONJ <co-pred>|KC|@CO _ 6 cc _ _
8 diferente diferente ADJ ADJ|M|S|@ICL-N<PRED Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 dep _ SpaceAfter=No
9 , , PUNCT PU|@PU _ 6 punct _ _
10 como como ADV <rel>|ADV|@ADVL> _ 14 advmod _ _
11 pode poder AUX <aux>|V|PR|3S|IND|@FS-N<PRED Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 14 aux _ _
12 vir vir AUX <aux>|V|INF|@ICL-AUX< VerbForm=Inf 14 aux _ _
13 a a ADP PRP|@PRT-AUX< _ 14 obl _ _
14 ser ser VERB <mv>|V|INF|@ICL-AUX< VerbForm=Inf 4 acl:relcl _ _
15 a o DET <artd>|ART|F|S|@>N Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 16 det _ _
16 União União PROPN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 14 nsubj _ MWE=União_Europeia|MWEPOS=PROPN
17 Europeia Europeia PROPN _ Number=Sing 16 flat:name _ SpaceAfter=No
18 , , PUNCT PU|@PU _ 14 punct _ _
19 só só ADV ADV|@ADVL> _ 23 advmod _ _
20 lhes eles PRON PERS|M|3P|DAT|@DAT> Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 23 iobj _ _
21 pode poder AUX <aux>|V|PR|3S|IND|@FS-STA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 23 aux _ _
22 ser ser AUX <mv>|V|INF|@ICL-AUX< VerbForm=Inf 23 cop _ _
23 útil útil ADJ ADJ|M|S|@<SC Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
24 » » PUNCT PU|@PU _ 23 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
25 . . PUNCT PU|@PU _ 23 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Portuguese-BR)
This relation is universal.
465 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as iobj.
382 instances of iobj (82%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 3.63870967741935.
The following 9 pairs of parts of speech are connected with iobj: pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/NOUN (248; 53% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/PROPN (106; 23% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/PRON (103; 22% instances), pt-pos/ADP-pt-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/X (2; 0% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/PROPN-pt-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/PROPN-pt-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 6 iobj color:blue
1 O _ DET DET _ 2 det _ _
2 veículo _ NOUN NOUN _ 3 nsubj _ _
3 pertence _ VERB VERB _ 0 root _ _
4 a a ADP ADP _ 6 case _ _
5 o o DET DET Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 6 det _ _
6 sogro _ NOUN NOUN _ 3 iobj _ _
7 de _ ADP ADP _ 8 case _ _
8 Roniere _ PROPN PNOUN _ 6 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
9 . _ PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 7 iobj color:blue
1 Todos _ DET DET _ 3 det _ _
2 os _ DET DET _ 3 det _ _
3 centros _ NOUN NOUN _ 4 nsubj _ _
4 pertencem _ VERB VERB _ 0 root _ _
5 a a ADP ADP _ 7 case _ _
6 a o DET DET Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 7 det _ _
7 DRM _ PROPN PNOUN _ 4 iobj _ _
8 - _ PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _
9 I _ NUM NUM NumType=Card 7 appos _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . _ PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 9 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 9 fgColor:white
# visual-style 9 8 iobj color:blue
1 Não _ ADV ADV Polarity=Neg 2 advmod _ _
2 faria _ VERB VERB _ 0 root _ _
3 isso _ PRON PRON _ 2 obj _ _
4 com _ ADP ADP _ 6 case _ _
5 um _ DET DET _ 6 det _ _
6 clube _ NOUN NOUN _ 2 nmod _ _
7 que _ PRON PRON _ 9 nsubj _ _
8 me _ PRON PRON _ 9 iobj _ _
9 deu _ VERB VERB _ 6 acl:relcl _ _
10 tanto _ PRON PRON _ 9 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . _ PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _
iobj in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fo] [fr] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]