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This page pertains to UD version 2.

ADP: adposition

Definition

The Chinese ADP covers three categories of function words analyzed as adpositions: (1) “coverbs”/prepositions, (2) valence markers, and (3) “localizers”/postpositions.

Chinese coverbs introduce an extra participant/argument to the event/main verb in a clause (but note that many coverbs may also function as main verbs).

Valence markers such as the “disposal” 把 / and the “long passive” 被 / bèi (when followed by an agent noun) are also tagged ADP (however, the “short passive” 被 / bèi when not followed by a noun should be tagged AUX).

Localizers (also known as 方位詞 / fāngwèicí), typically indicate spatial information in relation to the noun preceding it. Some localizers have also grammaticalized into clausal markers indicating temporal information. Localizers with the clausal function are still tagged as ADP (but are labeled with the dependency relation mark).

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_Chinese)

There are 161 ADP lemmas (1%), 161 ADP types (1%) and 4911 ADP tokens (4%). Out of 15 observed tags, the rank of ADP is: 9 in number of lemmas, 9 in number of types and 8 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADP lemmas: 在、 於、 中、 與、 後、 時、 上、 對、 因、 以

The 10 most frequent ADP types: 在、 於、 中、 與、 後、 時、 上、 對、 因、 以

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: 在 (ADP 971, VERB 497, ADV 27), 於 (VERB 448, ADP 353), 中 (ADP 344, NOUN 44, PROPN 40, VERB 3, PART 2), 與 (ADP 224, CCONJ 218), 後 (ADP 214, ADV 21, NOUN 4, DET 3, PART 1), 時 (ADP 200, NOUN 22), 上 (ADP 197, NOUN 65, VERB 6, DET 2, ADV 1), 對 (ADP 178, VERB 4, NOUN 4, ADJ 2, PART 1), 因 (ADP 135, PART 3), 以 (ADP 126, VERB 98, ADV 69)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: 在 (ADP 971, VERB 497, ADV 27), 於 (VERB 448, ADP 353), 中 (ADP 344, NOUN 44, PROPN 40, VERB 3, PART 2), 與 (ADP 224, CCONJ 218), 後 (ADP 214, ADV 21, NOUN 4, DET 3, PART 1), 時 (ADP 200, NOUN 22), 上 (ADP 197, NOUN 65, VERB 6, DET 2, ADV 1), 對 (ADP 178, VERB 4, NOUN 4, ADJ 2, PART 1), 因 (ADP 135, PART 3), 以 (ADP 126, VERB 98, ADV 69)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADP is 1.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.000284).

The 1st highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “一旦”: 一旦.

The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “上”: 上.

The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “下”: 下.

ADP occurs with 1 features: zh-feat/Voice (1; 0% instances)

ADP occurs with 1 feature-value pairs: Voice=Cau

ADP occurs with 2 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (4910 tokens). Examples: 在、 於、 中、 與、 後、 時、 上、 對、 因、 從

Relations

ADP nodes are attached to their parents using 17 different relations: zh-dep/case (3218; 66% instances), zh-dep/acl (1029; 21% instances), zh-dep/mark (443; 9% instances), zh-dep/det (141; 3% instances), zh-dep/xcomp (33; 1% instances), zh-dep/root (13; 0% instances), zh-dep/acl:relcl (6; 0% instances), zh-dep/dep (6; 0% instances), zh-dep/cc (5; 0% instances), zh-dep/conj (3; 0% instances), zh-dep/nmod:tmod (3; 0% instances), zh-dep/obl (3; 0% instances), zh-dep/advmod (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/amod (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/ccomp (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances), zh-dep/obj (1; 0% instances)

Parents of ADP nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: NOUN (2912; 59% instances), VERB (1067; 22% instances), PART (358; 7% instances), PROPN (240; 5% instances), PRON (173; 4% instances), ADJ (72; 1% instances), X (34; 1% instances), NUM (16; 0% instances), ROOT (13; 0% instances), ADV (12; 0% instances), ADP (9; 0% instances), PUNCT (2; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances), DET (1; 0% instances), SYM (1; 0% instances)

4691 (96%) ADP nodes are leaves.

44 (1%) ADP nodes have one child.

156 (3%) ADP nodes have two children.

20 (0%) ADP nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADP node is 7.

Children of ADP nodes are attached using 21 different relations: zh-dep/nmod (157; 35% instances), zh-dep/case:dec (140; 31% instances), zh-dep/ccomp (37; 8% instances), zh-dep/punct (34; 8% instances), zh-dep/xcomp (20; 4% instances), zh-dep/dep (9; 2% instances), zh-dep/advcl (7; 2% instances), zh-dep/advmod (7; 2% instances), zh-dep/case (6; 1% instances), zh-dep/nsubj (6; 1% instances), zh-dep/mark:relcl (5; 1% instances), zh-dep/nmod:tmod (4; 1% instances), zh-dep/obj (4; 1% instances), zh-dep/amod (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/aux (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/cc (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/conj (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/csubj (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/det (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/mark (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/appos (1; 0% instances)

Children of ADP nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: PART (172; 38% instances), NOUN (127; 28% instances), VERB (69; 15% instances), PUNCT (34; 8% instances), PROPN (22; 5% instances), ADP (9; 2% instances), ADV (8; 2% instances), PRON (3; 1% instances), AUX (2; 0% instances), CCONJ (2; 0% instances), X (2; 0% instances), ADJ (1; 0% instances)


ADP in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]