ADP
: adposition
Definition
The Chinese ADP
covers three categories of function words analyzed as adpositions: (1) “coverbs”/prepositions, (2) valence markers, and (3) “localizers”/postpositions.
Chinese coverbs introduce an extra participant/argument to the event/main verb in a clause (but note that many coverbs may also function as main verbs).
- 他 對 我 做 了 很 殘忍 的 事情 / tā duì wǒ zuò le hěn cánrěn de shìqíng “He did some cruel things to me.”
Valence markers such as the “disposal” 把 / bǎ and the “long passive” 被 / bèi (when followed by an agent noun) are also tagged ADP
(however, the “short passive” 被 / bèi when not followed by a noun should be tagged AUX
).
- 你 把 它 吃 掉 吧 / nǐ bǎ tā chī diào ba “You should eat it up.”
- 我 被 他 打 了 一 頓 / wǒ bèi tā dǎle yī dùn “I was given a beating by him.”
Localizers (also known as 方位詞 / fāngwèicí), typically indicate spatial information in relation to the noun preceding it. Some localizers have also grammaticalized into clausal markers indicating temporal information. Localizers with the clausal function are still tagged as ADP
(but are labeled with the dependency relation mark
).
- 我 把 梨子 放 在 桌子 上 / wǒ bǎ lízi fàng zài zhuōzi shàng “I’m putting the pears on the table.”
- 他 妻子 死 了 之後 , 他 也 不 想 活 了 / tā qīzi sǐ le zhīhòu, tā yě bùxiǎng huó le “After his wife died, he no longer wants to live either.”
Examples
- Coverbs / prepositions
- 在 / zài “in, on, at”, 對 / duì “to, toward”, 跟 / gēn “with” (comitative), 用 / yòng “with” (instrumental), 幫 / bāng “for” (benefactive), 為了 / wèile “for (sake of)”
- Valence markers
- 把 / bǎ (disposal), 將 / jiāng (disposal), 被 / bèi (long passive only)
- Localizers / postpositions
- (之)上 / (zhī)shàng “above”, (以)下 / (yǐ)xià “below, beneath”, 內 / nèi “inside”, 後 / hòu “behind; after”, 前 / qián “in front; before”, 中 / zhōng “in the middle; during”, 時 / shí “during”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Chinese)
There are 161 ADP
lemmas (1%), 161 ADP
types (1%) and 4911 ADP
tokens (4%).
Out of 15 observed tags, the rank of ADP
is: 9 in number of lemmas, 9 in number of types and 8 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent ADP
lemmas: 在、 於、 中、 與、 後、 時、 上、 對、 因、 以
The 10 most frequent ADP
types: 在、 於、 中、 與、 後、 時、 上、 對、 因、 以
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: 在 (ADP 971, VERB 497, ADV 27), 於 (VERB 448, ADP 353), 中 (ADP 344, NOUN 44, PROPN 40, VERB 3, PART 2), 與 (ADP 224, CCONJ 218), 後 (ADP 214, ADV 21, NOUN 4, DET 3, PART 1), 時 (ADP 200, NOUN 22), 上 (ADP 197, NOUN 65, VERB 6, DET 2, ADV 1), 對 (ADP 178, VERB 4, NOUN 4, ADJ 2, PART 1), 因 (ADP 135, PART 3), 以 (ADP 126, VERB 98, ADV 69)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: 在 (ADP 971, VERB 497, ADV 27), 於 (VERB 448, ADP 353), 中 (ADP 344, NOUN 44, PROPN 40, VERB 3, PART 2), 與 (ADP 224, CCONJ 218), 後 (ADP 214, ADV 21, NOUN 4, DET 3, PART 1), 時 (ADP 200, NOUN 22), 上 (ADP 197, NOUN 65, VERB 6, DET 2, ADV 1), 對 (ADP 178, VERB 4, NOUN 4, ADJ 2, PART 1), 因 (ADP 135, PART 3), 以 (ADP 126, VERB 98, ADV 69)
- 在
- 於
- 中
- 與
- 後
- ADP 214: 支線 從 朝陽 門 到 楊閘 環島 後 繼續 向 東 行駛 , 上 京 哈 高速 後 到達 通州 武夷 花園 小區 .
- ADV 21: 後來 , 周 志仁 隨 護國 軍 赴 四川 , 轉戰 瀘州 、 敘府 , 後 在 四川 戰死 .
- NOUN 4: 特徵 是 黑色 眼 面具 , 穿 著 深綠 色 的 盔甲 衣 , 留 著 向 後 梳 的 黑髮 , 和 綠燈 俠 比 起來 較為 強壯 .
- DET 3: 可惜 , 踏入 後 半 季 , 年青 球員 表現 患得患失 , 令 磐田 山葉 最終 只 能 排名 第12 .
- PART 1: 這 種 行為 本身 造成 了 一 種 對 後 現代 理解 的 偏激 和 錯位 .
- 時
- 上
- ADP 197: 1956 年 , 首次 推行 的 許多 改革 措施 在 卡達爾 當政 期間 雖 依然 保留 , 但 在 外交 上 卻 沒有 任何 大 的 改變 .
- NOUN 65: 半月 山 大佛 又 稱 資陽 大佛 , 位 於 四川 省 資陽 市 雁江 區 碑記 鎮 , 是 一 座 在 山崖 石壁 上 雕刻 的 佛像 .
- VERB 6: 支線 從 朝陽 門 到 楊閘 環島 後 繼續 向 東 行駛 , 上 京 哈 高速 後 到達 通州 武夷 花園 小區 .
- DET 2: 本片 製作 成本 超越 上 一 部 , 達 8000萬 港 幣 , 故事 背景 也 與 上集 截然不同 .
- ADV 1: 光 在 東京 就 有 上 千 家 佛朗明哥 舞蹈 學校 .
- 對
- 因
- 以
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of ADP
is 1.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.000284).
The 1st highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “一旦”: 一旦.
The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “上”: 上.
The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “下”: 下.
ADP
occurs with 1 features: zh-feat/Voice (1; 0% instances)
ADP
occurs with 1 feature-value pairs: Voice=Cau
ADP
occurs with 2 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is _
(4910 tokens).
Examples: 在、 於、 中、 與、 後、 時、 上、 對、 因、 從
Relations
ADP
nodes are attached to their parents using 17 different relations: zh-dep/case (3218; 66% instances), zh-dep/acl (1029; 21% instances), zh-dep/mark (443; 9% instances), zh-dep/det (141; 3% instances), zh-dep/xcomp (33; 1% instances), zh-dep/root (13; 0% instances), zh-dep/acl:relcl (6; 0% instances), zh-dep/dep (6; 0% instances), zh-dep/cc (5; 0% instances), zh-dep/conj (3; 0% instances), zh-dep/nmod:tmod (3; 0% instances), zh-dep/obl (3; 0% instances), zh-dep/advmod (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/amod (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/ccomp (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances), zh-dep/obj (1; 0% instances)
Parents of ADP
nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: NOUN (2912; 59% instances), VERB (1067; 22% instances), PART (358; 7% instances), PROPN (240; 5% instances), PRON (173; 4% instances), ADJ (72; 1% instances), X (34; 1% instances), NUM (16; 0% instances), ROOT (13; 0% instances), ADV (12; 0% instances), ADP (9; 0% instances), PUNCT (2; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances), DET (1; 0% instances), SYM (1; 0% instances)
4691 (96%) ADP
nodes are leaves.
44 (1%) ADP
nodes have one child.
156 (3%) ADP
nodes have two children.
20 (0%) ADP
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a ADP
node is 7.
Children of ADP
nodes are attached using 21 different relations: zh-dep/nmod (157; 35% instances), zh-dep/case:dec (140; 31% instances), zh-dep/ccomp (37; 8% instances), zh-dep/punct (34; 8% instances), zh-dep/xcomp (20; 4% instances), zh-dep/dep (9; 2% instances), zh-dep/advcl (7; 2% instances), zh-dep/advmod (7; 2% instances), zh-dep/case (6; 1% instances), zh-dep/nsubj (6; 1% instances), zh-dep/mark:relcl (5; 1% instances), zh-dep/nmod:tmod (4; 1% instances), zh-dep/obj (4; 1% instances), zh-dep/amod (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/aux (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/cc (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/conj (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/csubj (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/det (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/mark (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/appos (1; 0% instances)
Children of ADP
nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: PART (172; 38% instances), NOUN (127; 28% instances), VERB (69; 15% instances), PUNCT (34; 8% instances), PROPN (22; 5% instances), ADP (9; 2% instances), ADV (8; 2% instances), PRON (3; 1% instances), AUX (2; 0% instances), CCONJ (2; 0% instances), X (2; 0% instances), ADJ (1; 0% instances)
ADP in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]