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ADP: adposition

Definition

Adposition is a cover term to include both prepositions and postpositions, i.e., invariable words specifying the function of a nominal with respect to, prototypically, a verb (or adjective). in Ancient Greek most adpositions are prepositions. Adpositions can also, especially in Homeric poetry, function as adverbs: it is sometimes very hard to decide whether they are adverbs or adpostions.

Prepositions

A list of prepositions and an overview on their functions can be found in Smyth 1920: 365-388.

Examples

• ἀπὸ θαλάσσης “from the sea” (T. 1.7)
• δι(ά)᾽ ὤμου “through (the) shoulder” (Il. 4.481)
• περὶ πατρίδος “for (the) country” (T. 6.69)

Postpositions

In antiquity postpositions were considered to be prepositions which can also in some genre/author appear after their dependents: this is known as an example of anastrophe (Smyth 1920: 40-41; note that accent in dissyllabic prepositions is shifted back). Postpositions especially - but not exclusively - occur in poetry.

Examples

• τούτων πἐρι “about these things”

References

Smyth, Herbert Weir. 1920. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. New York: American Book Company (Perseus Digital Library; Internet Archive).

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Ancient_Greek)

There are 106 ADP lemmas (1%), 222 ADP types (1%) and 9208 ADP tokens (5%). Out of 14 observed tags, the rank of ADP is: 5 in number of lemmas, 6 in number of types and 9 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADP lemmas: ἐν, εἰς, ἐπί, ἐκ, κατά, πρός, ἀπό, ὑπό, περί, παρά

The 10 most frequent ADP types: ἐν, ἐπὶ, ἐς, πρὸς, ἐκ, κατὰ, εἰς, περὶ, μετὰ, ἀπὸ

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: ἐν (ADP 1266, ADV 12), ἐπί (ADP 1028, ADV 1), κατά (ADP 695, SCONJ 1, ADV 1), πρός (ADP 669, ADV 2), ὑπό (ADP 459, ADV 1), περί (ADP 420, ADV 18), παρά (ADP 414, ADV 4), μετά (ADP 382, ADV 15), διά (ADP 341, ADV 3), ἀμφί (ADP 156, ADV 30)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: ἐν (ADP 1185, ADV 12), ἐπὶ (ADP 668, ADV 1), πρὸς (ADP 586, ADV 1), κατὰ (ADP 454, SCONJ 1, ADV 1), εἰς (ADP 390, VERB 3), περὶ (ADP 388, ADV 15), μετὰ (ADP 293, ADV 15), ὑπὸ (ADP 264, ADV 1), διὰ (ADP 261, ADV 3), παρὰ (ADP 200, ADV 3)

• ἐν
  • ADP 1185: ἄλλων γοῦν μεγέθους πέρι ἐν νεῶν καταλόγῳ οὐκ ἐμνήσθη .
  • ADV 12: ἐν δὲ πᾶς ἐμεστώθη δρόμος κτύπου κροτητῶν ἁρμάτων ·
• ἐπὶ
  • ADP 668: οἱ γὰρ ἐν Σικελίᾳ ἐπὶ πλεῖστον ἐχώρησαν δυνάμεως .
  • ADV 1: πρόσσω γὰρ κατέκυψε , τὸ δ̓ ἐξόπιθεν δόρυ μακρὸν οὔδει ἐνισκίμφθη , ἐπὶ δ̓ οὐρίαχος πελεμίχθη ἔγχεος ·
• πρὸς
  • ADP 586: καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων εἴ τινές που διασταῖεν , πρὸς τούτους ἤδη ἐχώρουν .
  • ADV 1: πρὸς δὲ καὶ τῆς ἑωυτοῦ γυναικὸς τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς δειρῆς ἀνέθηκε ὁ Κροῖσος καὶ τὰς ζώνας .
• κατὰ
  • ADP 454: κατὰ γῆν δὲ πόλεμος , ὅθεν τις καὶ δύναμις παρεγένετο , οὐδεὶς ξυνέστη ·
  • SCONJ 1: ἣ μὲν δὴ ἐξανεχώρεε κατὰ ὑπέσχετο πρῶτα ·
  • ADV 1: κατὰ μὲν δὴ Κᾶρας οὕτω Κρῆτες λέγουσι γενέσθαι ·
• εἰς
  • ADP 390: οὕτως ἀπάρας πρῶτον μὲν εἰς Κρήτην ἀφίκετο ·
  • VERB 3: τίς πόθεν εἰς ἀνδρῶν ὅ μευ ἔτλης ἀντίος ἐλθεῖν ;
• περὶ
  • ADP 388: βούλομαι δ̓ ἐνιαυτὸν ἐπισχὼν αὐτός σοι περὶ ὧν ἥκω δηλῶσαι .
  • ADV 15: περὶ πρὸ γὰρ ἔγχεϊ θῦεν .
• μετὰ
  • ADP 293: ταῦτα γὰρ πάντα μετὰ τοῦδε τοῦ πολέμου ἅμα ξυνεπέθετο .
  • ADV 15: μετὰ δὲ κατὰ λόγον προβαίνοντες τιμῶσι ·
• ὑπὸ
  • ADP 264: τέλος δὲ βαλλόμενος ὑπὸ πολλῶν ἐξέπεσε τῆς ἀγορᾶς δρόμῳ .
  • ADV 1: ὑπὸ δὲ κνῆμαι ῥώοντο ἀραιαί .
• διὰ
  • ADP 261: καὶ αὗται οὔπω εἶχον διὰ πάσης καταστρώματα .
  • ADV 3: τόν ῥα κατὰ ζωστῆρα βάλε ξανθὸς Μενέλαος ἀΐξαντα φόβον δέ , διὰ πρὸ δὲ χαλκὸν ἔλασσε ·
• παρὰ
  • ADP 200: δἰ ὅπερ καὶ τὴν τύχην , ὅσα ἂν παρὰ λόγον ξυμβῇ , εἰώθαμεν αἰτιᾶσθαι .
  • ADV 3: παρὰ δ̓ ἰχθύες ἐκλονέοντο .

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADP is 2.094340 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.038201).

The 1st highest number of forms (12) was observed with the lemma “κατά”: κάρ, κάτα, καθ̓, κατ̓, κατά, κατὰ, κὰγ, κὰδ, κὰκ, κὰμ, κὰπ, κὰρ.

The 2nd highest number of forms (11) was observed with the lemma “ἐπί”: κἀπ̓, κἀπὶ, τἀπ̓, τἀπὶ, ἐπ̓, ἐπί, ἐπὶ, ἐφ̓, ἔπ̓, ἔπι, ἔφ̓.

The 3rd highest number of forms (10) was observed with the lemma “ἀπό”: κἀπ̓, κἀφ̓, τἀπ̓, τἀπὸ, τὠπὸ, ἀπ̓, ἀπό, ἀπὸ, ἀφ̓, ἄπο.

ADP does not occur with any features.

Relations

ADP nodes are attached to their parents using 10 different relations: grc-dep/case (8559; 93% instances), grc-dep/advmod (603; 7% instances), grc-dep/mark (16; 0% instances), grc-dep/root (10; 0% instances), grc-dep/obj (7; 0% instances), grc-dep/nmod (6; 0% instances), grc-dep/cc (4; 0% instances), grc-dep/conj (1; 0% instances), grc-dep/nsubj (1; 0% instances), grc-dep/punct (1; 0% instances)

Parents of ADP nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: NOUN (6625; 72% instances), PRON (1045; 11% instances), VERB (733; 8% instances), ADJ (712; 8% instances), DET (37; 0% instances), ADV (26; 0% instances), ADP (13; 0% instances), ROOT (10; 0% instances), X (3; 0% instances), NUM (2; 0% instances), CCONJ (1; 0% instances), SCONJ (1; 0% instances)

9025 (98%) ADP nodes are leaves.

154 (2%) ADP nodes have one child.

16 (0%) ADP nodes have two children.

13 (0%) ADP nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADP node is 5.

Children of ADP nodes are attached using 12 different relations: grc-dep/advmod (109; 46% instances), grc-dep/punct (92; 39% instances), grc-dep/obj (15; 6% instances), grc-dep/nsubj (8; 3% instances), grc-dep/csubj (4; 2% instances), grc-dep/advcl (2; 1% instances), grc-dep/nmod (2; 1% instances), grc-dep/obl (2; 1% instances), grc-dep/acl (1; 0% instances), grc-dep/mark (1; 0% instances), grc-dep/nummod (1; 0% instances), grc-dep/xcomp (1; 0% instances)

Children of ADP nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: PUNCT (93; 39% instances), ADV (52; 22% instances), PART (25; 11% instances), NOUN (19; 8% instances), ADP (13; 5% instances), PRON (11; 5% instances), ADJ (8; 3% instances), VERB (8; 3% instances), CCONJ (5; 2% instances), SCONJ (2; 1% instances), INTJ (1; 0% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Ancient_Greek-PROIEL)

There are 63 ADP lemmas (1%), 113 ADP types (0%) and 14561 ADP tokens (7%). Out of 14 observed tags, the rank of ADP is: 7 in number of lemmas, 9 in number of types and 7 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADP lemmas: ἐν, εἰς, ἐπί, ἐκ, πρός, ἀπό, διά, κατά, μετά, περί

The 10 most frequent ADP types: ἐν, εἰς, ἐπὶ, ἐς, ἐκ, πρὸς, ἀπὸ, διὰ, κατὰ, περὶ

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: ἐν (ADP 3033, ADV 9, SCONJ 4), εἰς (ADP 2654, SCONJ 30), ἐπί (ADP 1360, ADV 7, SCONJ 2, VERB 1), πρός (ADP 919, ADV 24), ἀπό (ADP 797, SCONJ 4, ADV 2), διά (ADP 724, ADV 1), κατά (ADP 717, ADV 2, SCONJ 1), μετά (ADP 548, ADV 61), περί (ADP 485, ADV 1), ὑπό (ADP 435, ADV 2)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: ἐν (ADP 2999, ADV 9, SCONJ 4), εἰς (ADP 1618, SCONJ 1), ἐπὶ (ADP 1041, ADV 7), ἐς (ADP 1022, SCONJ 29), πρὸς (ADP 886, ADV 24), ἀπὸ (ADP 616, ADV 2), διὰ (ADP 530, ADV 1), κατὰ (ADP 521, ADV 7), περὶ (ADP 449, ADV 1), μετὰ (ADP 357, ADV 61)

• ἐν
  • ADP 2999: ἔσχε δὲ τὴν βασιληίην καὶ ἐκρατύνθη ἐκ τοῦ ἐν Δελφοῖσι χρηστηρίου
  • ADV 9: ἐν δὲ Ἀρτέμιδος ἱρόν
  • SCONJ 4: ἐν ᾧ δὲ βουλεύονται αὐτοί ἀπαγαγεῖν ἐκεῖνον ἐκέλευον τὴν στρατιὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ τείχεος
• εἰς
  • ADP 1618: Ἰδὼν δὲ τοὺς ὄχλους ἀνέβη εἰς τὸ ὄρος
  • SCONJ 1: κραιπνὸς δὲ μετέρχεται εἰς ὅ κε πᾶσαν συμμάρψας ὀλέσῃ γενεὴν καὶ οἶκον ἅπαντα
• ἐπὶ
  • ADP 1041: ἐκπλαγεὶς δὲ τούτοισι ἐπὶ χρόνον ἄφθογγος ἦν
  • ADV 7: ἐπὶ δὲ αὐτός τε Ξέρξης καὶ οἱ αἰχμοφόροι καὶ οἱ ἱππόται οἱ χίλιοι
• ἐς
  • ADP 1022: μετὰ δὲ τῆς στρατιῆς ἀπικομένης ἐς Σάρδις ἐνόσησε ὁ Ἀλυάττης
  • SCONJ 29: οὗτος δὲ ἀνηκούστεέ τε καὶ λόγον εἶχε οὐδένα ἐς ὃ ἔλαβὲ τὴν δίκην
• πρὸς
  • ADP 886: ἐπείτε δὲ παρῆσαν ἀμφότεροι βλέψας πρὸς τὸν Κῦρον ὁ Ἀστυάγης ἔφη
  • ADV 24: πρὸς δὲ οὐκ οἴνῳ διαχρέωνται ἀλλὰ ὑδροποτέουσι
• ἀπὸ
  • ADP 616: ἀπὸ μέν νυν τούτων οὐκ ὡς ἤθελε ἀπήλλαξε ἀλλὰ προσπταίσας μεγάλως
  • ADV 2: ἀπὸ δ’ ἔθανε τῶν στρατηγῶν Στησίλεως ὁ Θρασύλεω
• διὰ
  • ADP 530: τέλος δὲ ἑσσώθησαν διὰ πλῆθος
  • ADV 1: οὐδέ ἑ φημί σχήσεσθαι πρὶν τῶνδ’ ἕτερον διὰ πάντα δάσηται
• κατὰ
  • ADP 521: ἔα δὲ κατὰ χώρην ἑστάναι
  • ADV 7: μῖξιν δὲ τούτων τῶν ἀνθρώπων εἶναι ἐμφανέα κατὰ περ τοῖσι προβάτοισι
• περὶ
  • ADP 449: περὶ Σάρδις μὲν δὴ ἐγίνετο ταραχή
  • ADV 1: πίπτοντος δὲ τοῦ ἱρηίου ἐπικαλέει τὸν θεὸν τῷ ἂν θύῃ καὶ ἔπειτα βρόχῳ περὶ ὦν ἔβαλε τὸν αὐχένα
• μετὰ
  • ADP 357: καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα αὐτίκα παρῆν καὶ ἡ γυνή
  • ADV 61: μετὰ δὲ ἱκέτευε μὴ μιν ἀναγκαίῃ ἐνδέειν διακρῖναι τοιαύτην αἵρεσιν

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADP is 1.793651 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.387371).

The 1st highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “εἰς”: εἰς, εἴς, εἷς, ἐς, ἔς.

The 2nd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “ἀπό”: ἀπο, ἀπό, ἀπὸ, ἀπ’, ἀφ’.

The 3rd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “διά”: Δία, διά, διὰ, δι’.

ADP does not occur with any features.

Relations

ADP nodes are attached to their parents using 12 different relations: grc-dep/case (14477; 99% instances), grc-dep/advmod (62; 0% instances), grc-dep/orphan (5; 0% instances), grc-dep/amod (4; 0% instances), grc-dep/appos (2; 0% instances), grc-dep/conj (2; 0% instances), grc-dep/mark (2; 0% instances), grc-dep/nmod (2; 0% instances), grc-dep/obl:agent (2; 0% instances), grc-dep/obj:dir (1; 0% instances), grc-dep/root (1; 0% instances), grc-dep/xcomp (1; 0% instances)

Parents of ADP nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: NOUN (7984; 55% instances), PRON (2443; 17% instances), PROPN (2070; 14% instances), ADJ (1426; 10% instances), VERB (425; 3% instances), ADV (81; 1% instances), NUM (77; 1% instances), DET (26; 0% instances), ADP (23; 0% instances), AUX (5; 0% instances), ROOT (1; 0% instances)

13722 (94%) ADP nodes are leaves.

756 (5%) ADP nodes have one child.

67 (0%) ADP nodes have two children.

16 (0%) ADP nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADP node is 18.

Children of ADP nodes are attached using 20 different relations: grc-dep/det (460; 48% instances), grc-dep/advmod (236; 25% instances), grc-dep/appos (111; 12% instances), grc-dep/discourse (47; 5% instances), grc-dep/case (19; 2% instances), grc-dep/advcl (18; 2% instances), grc-dep/nmod (18; 2% instances), grc-dep/obl (11; 1% instances), grc-dep/cc (6; 1% instances), grc-dep/obj:dir (6; 1% instances), grc-dep/orphan (6; 1% instances), grc-dep/ccomp (4; 0% instances), grc-dep/fixed (4; 0% instances), grc-dep/acl (3; 0% instances), grc-dep/amod (3; 0% instances), grc-dep/conj (3; 0% instances), grc-dep/nsubj (2; 0% instances), grc-dep/nummod (2; 0% instances), grc-dep/obl:agent (2; 0% instances), grc-dep/cop (1; 0% instances)

Children of ADP nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: DET (460; 48% instances), ADV (280; 29% instances), NOUN (96; 10% instances), ADJ (32; 3% instances), VERB (25; 3% instances), ADP (23; 2% instances), PROPN (16; 2% instances), PRON (15; 2% instances), CCONJ (7; 1% instances), NUM (6; 1% instances), AUX (2; 0% instances)

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ADP in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]

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