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ADP: adposition

Definition

Adposition is a cover term for prepositions and postpositions. Adpositions belong to a closed set of items that occur before (preposition) or after (postposition) a complement composed of a noun phrase, noun, pronoun, or clause that functions as a noun phrase, and that form a single structure with the complement to express its grammatical and semantic relation to another unit within a clause.

In many languages, as Portuguese, adpositions can take the form of fixed multiword expressions, such as graças a, por causa de (“thanks to”, “because of”).

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_Portuguese)

There are 97 ADP lemmas (0%), 100 ADP types (0%) and 34972 ADP tokens (16%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of ADP is: 8 in number of lemmas, 11 in number of types and 2 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADP lemmas: de, em, a, por, para, com, como, entre, sobre, sem

The 10 most frequent ADP types: de, em, a, por, para, com, como, entre, sobre, sem

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: de (ADP 16845, NOUN 6, ADJ 2, PROPN 2), em (ADP 6113, PROPN 8, NOUN 3, ADJ 1), a (ADP 3942, PRON 30, DET 28, PROPN 14, NOUN 5, ADV 3), por (ADP 2094, NOUN 6, PROPN 3, ADV 2), para (ADP 1882, PROPN 2, ADV 1, NOUN 1), com (ADP 1509, PROPN 1, NOUN 1), como (ADP 405, ADV 215, NOUN 29, SCONJ 23), sobre (ADP 333, PROPN 4), sem (ADP 205, PROPN 3, ADV 2), até (ADP 190, ADV 58, NOUN 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: de (ADP 16718, NOUN 5, ADJ 2, PROPN 1), em (ADP 5584, PROPN 8, NOUN 3, ADJ 1), a (DET 9174, ADP 3836, PRON 88, PROPN 14, NOUN 3, ADV 2), por (ADP 1998, NOUN 3, PROPN 3, ADV 1), para (ADP 1756, PROPN 2, NOUN 1, ADV 1), com (ADP 1426, PROPN 1, NOUN 1), como (ADP 386, ADV 189, NOUN 29, SCONJ 9), entre (ADP 318, VERB 1), sobre (ADP 327, PROPN 4), sem (ADP 185, PROPN 3, ADV 2)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADP is 1.030928 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.425915).

The 1st highest number of forms (3) was observed with the lemma “a”: As, a, e.

The 2nd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “com”: com, con.

The 3rd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “de”: d’, de.

ADP occurs with 5 features: pt-feat/Gender (131; 0% instances), pt-feat/Number (131; 0% instances), pt-feat/PronType (40; 0% instances), pt-feat/AdpType (5; 0% instances), pt-feat/Definite (1; 0% instances)

ADP occurs with 7 feature-value pairs: AdpType=Prep, AdpType=Preppron, Definite=Def, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Number=Sing, PronType=Rel

ADP occurs with 5 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (34797 tokens). Examples: de, em, a, por, para, com, como, entre, sobre, sem

Relations

ADP nodes are attached to their parents using 18 different relations: pt-dep/case (31679; 91% instances), pt-dep/mark (2301; 7% instances), pt-dep/obl (590; 2% instances), pt-dep/nmod (141; 0% instances), pt-dep/compound (92; 0% instances), pt-dep/cc (42; 0% instances), pt-dep/obj (29; 0% instances), pt-dep/advmod (26; 0% instances), pt-dep/fixed (20; 0% instances), pt-dep/conj (15; 0% instances), pt-dep/appos (11; 0% instances), pt-dep/nsubj (8; 0% instances), pt-dep/dep (6; 0% instances), pt-dep/flat:name (5; 0% instances), pt-dep/amod (2; 0% instances), pt-dep/nmod:npmod (2; 0% instances), pt-dep/nsubj:pass (2; 0% instances), pt-dep/root (1; 0% instances)

Parents of ADP nodes belong to 16 different parts of speech: NOUN (22321; 64% instances), PROPN (6833; 20% instances), VERB (2821; 8% instances), PRON (1025; 3% instances), NUM (695; 2% instances), ADJ (469; 1% instances), ADV (444; 1% instances), SYM (192; 1% instances), ADP (103; 0% instances), X (31; 0% instances), DET (26; 0% instances), SCONJ (7; 0% instances), AUX (2; 0% instances), INTJ (1; 0% instances), PART (1; 0% instances), ROOT (1; 0% instances)

34700 (99%) ADP nodes are leaves.

117 (0%) ADP nodes have one child.

41 (0%) ADP nodes have two children.

114 (0%) ADP nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADP node is 10.

Children of ADP nodes are attached using 21 different relations: pt-dep/nummod (130; 20% instances), pt-dep/compound (128; 20% instances), pt-dep/fixed (110; 17% instances), pt-dep/case (77; 12% instances), pt-dep/nmod (60; 9% instances), pt-dep/punct (57; 9% instances), pt-dep/cc (18; 3% instances), pt-dep/det (16; 3% instances), pt-dep/mark (13; 2% instances), pt-dep/conj (6; 1% instances), pt-dep/advmod (5; 1% instances), pt-dep/amod (3; 0% instances), pt-dep/cop (3; 0% instances), pt-dep/nmod:npmod (3; 0% instances), pt-dep/nsubj (3; 0% instances), pt-dep/aux (2; 0% instances), pt-dep/acl (1; 0% instances), pt-dep/acl:relcl (1; 0% instances), pt-dep/appos (1; 0% instances), pt-dep/dep (1; 0% instances), pt-dep/obj (1; 0% instances)

Children of ADP nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: NUM (263; 41% instances), ADP (103; 16% instances), NOUN (95; 15% instances), PUNCT (57; 9% instances), ADV (30; 5% instances), CCONJ (20; 3% instances), DET (20; 3% instances), PRON (14; 2% instances), SCONJ (14; 2% instances), ADJ (6; 1% instances), VERB (6; 1% instances), AUX (5; 1% instances), PROPN (5; 1% instances), SYM (1; 0% instances)


Treebank Statistics (UD_Portuguese-BR)

There are 5 ADP lemmas (26%), 133 ADP types (0%) and 46822 ADP tokens (16%). Out of 14 observed tags, the rank of ADP is: 1 in number of lemmas, 9 in number of types and 2 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADP lemmas: _, de, en, a, por

The 10 most frequent ADP types: de, en, a, em, para, por, com, como, entre, sobre

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: _ (NOUN 51670, PUNCT 37916, PROPN 29660, ADP 27823, VERB 26752, DET 23518, ADJ 13618, CCONJ 9896, ADV 8825, NUM 7639, PRON 6681, AUX 4729, PART 687, X 472)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: de (ADP 21603, CCONJ 2, PROPN 1, VERB 1, PRON 1, DET 1), a (DET 11752, ADP 3456, PRON 59, VERB 5, X 2, CCONJ 1, PROPN 1), em (ADP 3073, ADV 1), para (ADP 2689, AUX 2, PART 1, NOUN 1), por (ADP 2572, VERB 1, X 1), como (ADP 649, CCONJ 84, ADV 61), entre (ADP 399, VERB 2, NOUN 1), até (ADP 279, ADV 105, CCONJ 1), nesta (ADP 263, X 2), segundo (ADP 101, ADJ 96, NOUN 12, CCONJ 6, ADV 1)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADP is 26.600000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1740.105263).

The 1st highest number of forms (133) was observed with the lemma “_”: 2003.Com, Afora, D., a, ad, al, ante, após, aquela, as, at, atrasados, atua, até, aux, c, cm, com, coma, como, conforme, conta, contra, d, d’, daMúsica, dada, dado, dali, daquela, daquele, daqui, daí, de, de16, deAssuntos, deixa, del, dele, della, dello, dentre, des, desde, dessa, dessas, desse, desses, desta, destas, deste, destes, detre, devido, di, disso, donde, doutros, du, dum, duma, durante, durnte, e, em, en, enquanto, entre, eo, espirra, exceto, for, fora, from, in, m, me, mediante, mesmo, mx, médicas, n’alma, naquela, naquele, naqueles, nessa, nessas, nesse, nesses, nesta, nestas, neste, nestes, num, numa, o, of, olhos, para, paraestudantes, paras, pecados, per, perante, perantes, polo, polos, por, post, pous, pra, pro, pôr, quando, quanto, que, resultados, salvo, se, segundo, sem, sob, sobre, sub, sur, to, upon, via, àquela, àqueles, á, ás, útil.

The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “a”: a.

The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “de”: de.

ADP does not occur with any features.

Relations

ADP nodes are attached to their parents using 12 different relations: pt-dep/case (43180; 92% instances), pt-dep/mark (3137; 7% instances), pt-dep/fixed (359; 1% instances), pt-dep/nmod (112; 0% instances), pt-dep/dep (15; 0% instances), pt-dep/advmod (9; 0% instances), pt-dep/advcl (2; 0% instances), pt-dep/cc (2; 0% instances), pt-dep/ccomp (2; 0% instances), pt-dep/det (2; 0% instances), pt-dep/amod (1; 0% instances), pt-dep/flat (1; 0% instances)

Parents of ADP nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: NOUN (27986; 60% instances), PROPN (11925; 25% instances), VERB (3057; 7% instances), NUM (1759; 4% instances), ADV (925; 2% instances), PRON (779; 2% instances), ADP (166; 0% instances), ADJ (113; 0% instances), PART (81; 0% instances), X (23; 0% instances), DET (5; 0% instances), CCONJ (2; 0% instances), PUNCT (1; 0% instances)

46412 (99%) ADP nodes are leaves.

227 (0%) ADP nodes have one child.

119 (0%) ADP nodes have two children.

64 (0%) ADP nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADP node is 8.

Children of ADP nodes are attached using 20 different relations: pt-dep/fixed (424; 63% instances), pt-dep/nmod (61; 9% instances), pt-dep/punct (42; 6% instances), pt-dep/case (39; 6% instances), pt-dep/det (35; 5% instances), pt-dep/obj (13; 2% instances), pt-dep/advmod (10; 1% instances), pt-dep/amod (9; 1% instances), pt-dep/appos (7; 1% instances), pt-dep/nsubj (7; 1% instances), pt-dep/conj (6; 1% instances), pt-dep/flat (4; 1% instances), pt-dep/nummod (4; 1% instances), pt-dep/cc (2; 0% instances), pt-dep/iobj (2; 0% instances), pt-dep/acl:part (1; 0% instances), pt-dep/acl:relcl (1; 0% instances), pt-dep/ccomp (1; 0% instances), pt-dep/dep (1; 0% instances), pt-dep/det:poss (1; 0% instances)

Children of ADP nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: NOUN (197; 29% instances), ADP (166; 25% instances), CCONJ (133; 20% instances), DET (48; 7% instances), PUNCT (42; 6% instances), PROPN (30; 4% instances), ADV (20; 3% instances), ADJ (9; 1% instances), VERB (9; 1% instances), NUM (8; 1% instances), PRON (4; 1% instances), X (4; 1% instances)


ADP in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]