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ADP: adposition

Definition

Adposition is a cover term for prepositions and postpositions. In Italian, there are only prepositions.

Italian prepositions can take the form of fixed multi-word expressions, such as invece di “instead of”, a causa di “because of”, davanti a “in front of”. The component words are then still tagged according to their basic use (i.e. a is ADP, causa is NOUN, di is ADP) and their status as a multi-word expression is accounted for at the level of syntactic annotation. See fixed for more details on the representation of multi-word expressions.

Italian prepositions are also used for introducing non-finite clausal complements, as in Maria ha deciso di partire “Mary decided to leave” or Maria è andata a congratularsi con loro “Mary went to congratulate them”.

Italian distinguishes between simple and articulated prepositions: note however that to comply with the UD Tokenization guidelines the latter are systematically splitted into the following sequence of part-of-speech tags, ADP and DET (e.g. nello “in the” is splitted into in ADP lo DET).

###Corresponding language-specific part-of-speech tags

E: Preposition

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)

There are 82 ADP lemmas (0%), 89 ADP types (0%) and 42942 ADP tokens (15%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of ADP is: 9 in number of lemmas, 11 in number of types and 3 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADP lemmas: di, a, in, da, per, con, su, come, tra, dopo

The 10 most frequent ADP types: di, a, in, da, per, con, su, come, ad, tra

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: di (ADP 18412, DET 71, PROPN 1, NOUN 1), a (ADP 7260, NOUN 10, X 9, DET 3, ADV 2, CCONJ 1), in (ADP 6189, X 2), da (ADP 3068, DET 1), per (ADP 2789, X 1), su (ADP 1197, ADV 12), come (ADP 475, ADV 232, SCONJ 172, CCONJ 4, PRON 1, X 1), dopo (ADP 226, ADV 45, SCONJ 33, NOUN 1), senza (ADP 211, SCONJ 2, ADV 1), secondo (ADP 157, ADJ 115, NOUN 13)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: di (ADP 17929, PROPN 1), a (ADP 6530, NOUN 10, X 8, ADV 2), in (ADP 5371, X 2), da (ADP 2872, DET 1), su (ADP 1144, ADV 12), come (ADP 452, SCONJ 147, ADV 66, CCONJ 4, PRON 1), ad (ADP 427, X 4, NOUN 3), dopo (ADP 171, ADV 44, SCONJ 24, NOUN 1), senza (ADP 195, SCONJ 2, ADV 1), secondo (ADP 106, ADJ 67, NOUN 2)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADP is 1.085366 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.485733).

The 1st highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “di”: ad, d’, de, des, di, d’.

The 2nd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “a”: a, ad.

The 3rd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “circa”: ca, circa.

ADP occurs with 2 features: it-feat/Gender (2; 0% instances), it-feat/Number (2; 0% instances)

ADP occurs with 2 feature-value pairs: Gender=Masc, Number=Sing

ADP occurs with 2 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (42940 tokens). Examples: di, a, in, da, per, con, su, come, ad, tra

Relations

ADP nodes are attached to their parents using 10 different relations: it-dep/case (39132; 91% instances), it-dep/mark (3091; 7% instances), it-dep/fixed (677; 2% instances), it-dep/obl (23; 0% instances), it-dep/dep (8; 0% instances), it-dep/conj (4; 0% instances), it-dep/nmod (2; 0% instances), it-dep/orphan (2; 0% instances), it-dep/root (2; 0% instances), it-dep/obj (1; 0% instances)

Parents of ADP nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: NOUN (30736; 72% instances), PROPN (5276; 12% instances), VERB (3178; 7% instances), PRON (1529; 4% instances), NUM (891; 2% instances), ADV (737; 2% instances), ADJ (304; 1% instances), ADP (172; 0% instances), SYM (54; 0% instances), SCONJ (35; 0% instances), X (26; 0% instances), ROOT (2; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances), DET (1; 0% instances)

42700 (99%) ADP nodes are leaves.

201 (0%) ADP nodes have one child.

10 (0%) ADP nodes have two children.

31 (0%) ADP nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADP node is 9.

Children of ADP nodes are attached using 14 different relations: it-dep/fixed (248; 71% instances), it-dep/det (28; 8% instances), it-dep/case (26; 7% instances), it-dep/nmod (23; 7% instances), it-dep/punct (6; 2% instances), it-dep/cc (5; 1% instances), it-dep/conj (5; 1% instances), it-dep/advmod (2; 1% instances), it-dep/cop (2; 1% instances), it-dep/nsubj (2; 1% instances), it-dep/amod (1; 0% instances), it-dep/aux (1; 0% instances), it-dep/expl:impers (1; 0% instances), it-dep/obl (1; 0% instances)

Children of ADP nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: ADP (172; 49% instances), ADV (58; 17% instances), DET (31; 9% instances), NOUN (31; 9% instances), SCONJ (30; 9% instances), PRON (10; 3% instances), PUNCT (6; 2% instances), CCONJ (5; 1% instances), AUX (3; 1% instances), SYM (2; 1% instances), VERB (2; 1% instances), ADJ (1; 0% instances)


Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian-ParTUT)

There are 59 ADP lemmas (1%), 63 ADP types (1%) and 6858 ADP tokens (16%). Out of 15 observed tags, the rank of ADP is: 9 in number of lemmas, 10 in number of types and 3 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADP lemmas: di, a, in, per, da, su, con, come, tra, dopo

The 10 most frequent ADP types: di, a, in, per, da, su, con, come, ad, tra

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: di (ADP 2977, DET 17), a (ADP 1147, X 3, ADV 1, CCONJ 1), su (ADP 203, ADV 4), come (ADP 129, SCONJ 32, ADV 11), dopo (ADP 33, ADV 6, SCONJ 5), contro (ADP 20, ADV 1), secondo (ADP 19, ADJ 17, PRON 1), fino (ADP 15, ADV 1), de (ADP 13, X 4, PROPN 2), verso (ADP 13, NOUN 12)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: a (ADP 1006, X 3, ADV 1), su (ADP 201, ADV 4), come (ADP 121, SCONJ 23, ADV 6), dopo (ADP 19, ADV 6, SCONJ 2), contro (ADP 20, ADV 1), secondo (ADP 9, ADJ 7, PRON 1), de (ADP 15, X 4, PROPN 2), fino (ADP 12, ADV 1), verso (ADP 11, NOUN 4), nonostante (ADP 6, ADV 1, SCONJ 1)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADP is 1.067797 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.446672).

The 1st highest number of forms (3) was observed with the lemma “di”: d’, de, di.

The 2nd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “a”: a, ad.

The 3rd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “fino”: fin, fino.

ADP occurs with 2 features: it-feat/Gender (1; 0% instances), it-feat/Number (1; 0% instances)

ADP occurs with 2 feature-value pairs: Gender=Masc, Number=Sing

ADP occurs with 2 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (6857 tokens). Examples: di, a, in, per, da, su, con, come, ad, tra

Relations

ADP nodes are attached to their parents using 9 different relations: it-dep/case (6197; 90% instances), it-dep/mark (541; 8% instances), it-dep/fixed (102; 1% instances), it-dep/flat:name (5; 0% instances), it-dep/obl (5; 0% instances), it-dep/advmod (4; 0% instances), it-dep/dep (2; 0% instances), it-dep/cc (1; 0% instances), it-dep/conj (1; 0% instances)

Parents of ADP nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: NOUN (5040; 73% instances), PROPN (622; 9% instances), VERB (568; 8% instances), PRON (266; 4% instances), NUM (140; 2% instances), ADP (85; 1% instances), ADJ (44; 1% instances), ADV (38; 1% instances), SYM (24; 0% instances), X (22; 0% instances), SCONJ (9; 0% instances)

6767 (99%) ADP nodes are leaves.

79 (1%) ADP nodes have one child.

5 (0%) ADP nodes have two children.

7 (0%) ADP nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADP node is 5.

Children of ADP nodes are attached using 9 different relations: it-dep/fixed (97; 84% instances), it-dep/case (4; 3% instances), it-dep/det (4; 3% instances), it-dep/nmod (4; 3% instances), it-dep/conj (2; 2% instances), it-dep/punct (2; 2% instances), it-dep/advmod (1; 1% instances), it-dep/cc (1; 1% instances), it-dep/dep (1; 1% instances)

Children of ADP nodes belong to 8 different parts of speech: ADP (85; 73% instances), ADV (10; 9% instances), DET (6; 5% instances), NOUN (5; 4% instances), PRON (5; 4% instances), PUNCT (2; 2% instances), SCONJ (2; 2% instances), CCONJ (1; 1% instances)


ADP in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]