Case: case
Case is an inflectional feature of nouns and other parts of speech (adjectives, verbs, articles) that mark agreement with nouns.
In Irish four cases are used: common (which covers nominative and accusative case), vocative, genitive and dative. These cases are labelled respectively as NomAcc, Voc, Gen, and Dat.
NomAcc : common case
The common case is the base form of the noun, and is used for the lemma. This word form is used for subjects and objects of a clause, and predicates of a copula.
Examples
Subjects:
- Tosóidh an cheolchoirm ar 8pm “The concert will start at 8pm”
- Bhris an bord ina dhá leath “The board broke into two halves”
Objects:
- Cuireann Paul an píosa seo chugainn “Paul offers this piece to us”
- D’ith sí an dinnéar “She ate the dinner”
Predicates:
- Is láithreán uafásach é seo “This is an awful site”
- Is múinteoir é “He is a teacher”
Voc : vocative case
The vocative case is used to mark a noun as being the addresse. It is preceded by the particle a (see PartType). The vocative case triggers lenition.
Examples
- ‘Slán leat, a Dhoráid! “Goodbye, Dorád!”
- A dhaoine uaisle “ladies and gentlemen”
Gen : genitive case
The genitive case indicates possesion or ownership. Its use is similar to the use of ’s in English. Other use cases include describing the composition of an object, compound nouns, objects of a compound preposition, and objects of a verbal noun (see VerbForm).
Examples
- dearadh an stáitse “outlook of the state”
- mac an fhir “the man’s son (lit. son of the man)”
- an Aontas Eorpaigh “the European Union”
Dat : dative case
The dative case is used with most simple prepositions in Irish. In standard Irish, the dative form is identical to the common case.
Examples
- in Eireann “in Ireland”
- sa leabhair “in the book”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Irish)
This feature is universal but the values NomAcc are language-specific.
It occurs with 4 different values: Dat, Gen, NomAcc, Voc.
4022 tokens (29%) have a non-empty value of Case.
2651 types (69%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case.
1896 lemmas (70%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case.
The feature is used with 6 part-of-speech tags: ga-pos/NOUN (3187; 23% instances), ga-pos/PROPN (445; 3% instances), ga-pos/ADJ (251; 2% instances), ga-pos/DET (137; 1% instances), ga-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/X (1; 0% instances).
NOUN
3187 ga-pos/NOUN tokens (85% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Case co-occurred: VerbForm=EMPTY (3173; 100%), Number=Sing (2676; 84%), Definite=EMPTY (2586; 81%), Form=EMPTY (2469; 77%), Gender=Masc (1996; 63%).
NOUN tokens may have the following values of Case:
Dat(17; 1% of non-emptyCase): gcrích, cionn, Tigh, láimh, chionn, gcionn, leabhairGen(630; 20% of non-emptyCase): hoíche, airgid, fostaíochta, stáit, teanga, Domhnaigh, Dé, Fómhair, ailt, blianaNomAcc(2533; 79% of non-emptyCase): rud, duine, leith, chuid, daoine, lá, áit, alt, ceann, fearVoc(7; 0% of non-emptyCase): Oideachais, bhithiúnaigh, chúil, dhaoine, fheara, ghrá, naofachtEMPTY(543): bheith, chur, dhéanamh, fáil, níos, dul, thabhairt, bith, féidir, rá
| Paradigm duine | Gen | Voc | NomAcc |
|---|---|---|---|
| Definite=Def|NounType=Strong|Number=Plur | ndaoine | ||
| Definite=Def|Number=Sing | duine | ||
| Definite=Def|Number=Plur | dhaoine | daoine | |
| Form=Ecl|NounType=Strong|Number=Plur | ndaoine | ||
| Form=Ecl|Number=Plur | ndaoine | ||
| Form=Len|Number=Sing | dhuine | ||
| Form=Len|Number=Plur | dhaoine | ||
| NounType=Strong|Number=Plur | daoine | ||
| Number=Sing | duine | duine, éinne | |
| Number=Plur | daoine, seandaoine |
PROPN
445 ga-pos/PROPN tokens (94% of all PROPN tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
The most frequent other feature values with which PROPN and Case co-occurred: Number=Sing (411; 92%), Gender=Masc (332; 75%).
PROPN tokens may have the following values of Case:
Dat(6; 1% of non-emptyCase): ÉirinnGen(96; 22% of non-emptyCase): Gaeilge, Fraince, Átha, mBaile, Bhaile, Chaoin, hÉireann, Chill, Chonamara, GaillimheNomAcc(341; 77% of non-emptyCase): Seán, Ghaeilge, Gaeilge, Mháire, Naomh, Pádraig, Éire, Anne-Marie, Baile, BhlascaoidVoc(2; 0% of non-emptyCase): Dhoráid, MháiréadEMPTY(29): Cliath, Dara, Fáil, Garman, Bernard, Casey, Chainnigh, Chomair, Dunne, Dúin
| Paradigm Éire | Dat | Gen | NomAcc |
|---|---|---|---|
| Definite=Def | hÉireann | ||
| Éirinn | Éireann | Éire |
Case seems to be lexical feature of PROPN. 95% lemmas (317) occur only with one value of Case.
ADJ
251 ga-pos/ADJ tokens (36% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Case co-occurred: Degree=EMPTY (251; 100%), VerbForm=EMPTY (251; 100%), Number=Sing (196; 78%), Gender=Masc (139; 55%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Case:
Gen(24; 10% of non-emptyCase): mhóir, speisialta, éagsúla, Caitlicí, Ultacha, beaga, cháilithigh, dhaonna, fhada, fhástaNomAcc(227; 90% of non-emptyCase): mór, mhór, beaga, chéanna, beag, fada, éigin, mhaith, áirithe, ardEMPTY(442): mó, amháin, maith, déanta, léir, áirithe, fada, mór, bunaithe, háirithe
| Paradigm mór | Gen | NomAcc |
|---|---|---|
| Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | mhóir | mór, ró-mhór, mhór |
| Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | mhór | |
| NounType=NotSlender|Number=Plur | móra | |
| NounType=Strong|Number=Plur | móra |
Case seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 94% lemmas (146) occur only with one value of Case.
DET
137 ga-pos/DET tokens (11% of all DET tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
The most frequent other feature values with which DET and Case co-occurred: Gender=Fem (137; 100%), PronType=Art (137; 100%), Definite=Def (137; 100%), Number=Sing (137; 100%).
DET tokens may have the following values of Case:
Gen(137; 100% of non-emptyCase): naEMPTY(1139): an, na, a, seo, sin, aon, eile, gach, mo, cibé
VERB
1 ga-pos/VERB tokens (0% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Case co-occurred: Voice=EMPTY (1; 100%), Mood=Ind (1; 100%), Form=EMPTY (1; 100%), Tense=Pres (1; 100%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Case:
NomAcc(1; 100% of non-emptyCase): Tá’sEMPTY(1098): bhí, tá, raibh, bhfuil, atá, beidh, bheidh, thug, mbeidh, bíonn
X
1 ga-pos/X tokens (1% of all X tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
The most frequent other feature values with which X and Case co-occurred: PronType=EMPTY (1; 100%), Abbr=EMPTY (1; 100%), Dialect=EMPTY (1; 100%).
X tokens may have the following values of Case:
NomAcc(1; 100% of non-emptyCase): openEMPTY(150): san, (1), (2), so, (c), (4), (a), (b), Uimh., FÁS
Relations with Agreement in Case
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Case:
NOUN –[nmod]–> NOUN (287; 52%),
NOUN –[amod]–> ADJ (229; 66%),
NOUN –[conj]–> NOUN (167; 88%),
PROPN –[flat:name]–> PROPN (33; 83%),
PROPN –[compound]–> PROPN (32; 73%),
NOUN –[appos]–> NOUN (21; 91%),
NOUN –[nsubj]–> NOUN (12; 60%),
PROPN –[conj]–> NOUN (8; 80%),
PROPN –[nmod]–> PROPN (8; 89%),
PROPN –[appos]–> NOUN (7; 78%).
Case in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]