Case: case
Case is usually an inflectional feature of nouns, helping to specify the role of the noun phrase in the sentence. Swedish makes use of three cases: nominative, accusative, and genitive. The accusative is found only in pronouns (PRON), while the nominative/genitive distinction occurs with nouns (NOUN), proper nouns (PROPN) and adjectives (ADJ).
Nom: nominative
The base form, typically used as a citation form (lemma).
Examples
- [sv] att ta ansvar “to take responsibility”
- [sv] riskerna är stora “the risks are large”
Acc: accusative
In many languages used for direct objects of verbs. In Swedish this form is only used for personal pronouns.
Examples
- [sv] du behöver dem “you need them”
- [sv] ta med dig “take with you”
Gen: genitive
Prototypical meaning of genitive is that the noun phrase somehow belongs to its governor; it would often be translated by the English preposition of. The genitive in Swedish does not however always imply possession, for example Stillhetens hav “Sea of Tranquility”
Examples
- [sv] eftermiddagens övningar “the afternoon’s exercises”
- [sv] patientens ekonomi “the patient’s finances”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 3 different values: Acc, Gen, Nom.
29003 tokens (38%) have a non-empty value of Case.
10731 types (83%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case.
7408 lemmas (83%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case.
The feature is used with 6 part-of-speech tags: sv-pos/NOUN (17794; 23% instances), sv-pos/ADJ (6649; 9% instances), sv-pos/PRON (2048; 3% instances), sv-pos/NUM (1378; 2% instances), sv-pos/PROPN (1095; 1% instances), sv-pos/VERB (39; 0% instances).
NOUN
17794 sv-pos/NOUN tokens (97% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Case co-occurred: Gender=Com (12510; 70%), Number=Sing (12296; 69%), Definite=Ind (11704; 66%).
NOUN tokens may have the following values of Case:
Acc(1; 0% of non-emptyCase): nuptiamGen(795; 4% of non-emptyCase): kvinnans, äktenskapets, familjens, års, barnens, dagens, världens, samhällets, slags, föräldrarnasNom(16998; 96% of non-emptyCase): år, barn, del, äktenskapet, procent, barnen, samhället, arbete, människor, sättEMPTY(497): kr, %, s., dr, kap., proc, KPI, mån, kl, milj
| Paradigm barn | Nom | Gen |
|---|---|---|
| Definite=Def|Number=Sing | barnet | barnets |
| Definite=Def|Number=Plur | barnen | barnens |
| Definite=Ind|Number=Sing | barn | barns |
| Definite=Ind|Number=Plur | barn | barns |
Case seems to be lexical feature of NOUN. 95% lemmas (4775) occur only with one value of Case.
ADJ
6649 sv-pos/ADJ tokens (100% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Case co-occurred: VerbForm=EMPTY (5454; 82%), Tense=EMPTY (5454; 82%), Degree=Pos (4708; 71%), Gender=EMPTY (4141; 62%), Number=Sing (3365; 51%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Case:
Gen(14; 0% of non-emptyCase): anställdas, enskildes, andres, dubbelarbetandes, efterkommandes, enskilds, frånskildas, färgblindas, försäkrades, ogiftasNom(6635; 100% of non-emptyCase): olika, andra, första, nya, många, stora, stor, större, hela, vissaEMPTY(26): European, New, ev, fri-, låg-, American, Boiling, Economic, Free, Intermittent
| Paradigm annan | Nom | Gen |
|---|---|---|
| _ | andra | |
| Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | andre | andres |
| Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing | andra | |
| Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Com|Number=Sing | annan | |
| Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | annat | |
| Degree=Pos|Number=Plur | andra |
Case seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 99% lemmas (1554) occur only with one value of Case.
PRON
2048 sv-pos/PRON tokens (44% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and Case co-occurred: Definite=Def (1530; 75%), PronType=Prs (1491; 73%), Gender=Com (1360; 66%), Number=Sing (1032; 50%).
PRON tokens may have the following values of Case:
Acc(545; 27% of non-emptyCase): sig, dem, oss, dig, varandra, honom, mig, henne, er, varannNom(1503; 73% of non-emptyCase): man, de, vi, du, han, jag, hon, ni, bägge, enEMPTY(2597): det, som, den, detta, vad, en, något, andra, många, vilket
| Paradigm de | Nom | Acc |
|---|---|---|
| PronType=Ind | de | |
| PronType=Prs | de | dem |
| PronType=Rel | de | |
| PronType=Tot | dem |
NUM
1378 sv-pos/NUM tokens (100% of all NUM tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
The most frequent other feature values with which NUM and Case co-occurred: NumType=Card (1378; 100%).
NUM tokens may have the following values of Case:
Nom(1378; 100% of non-emptyCase): två, tre, 1, en, 2, 20, ett, 1970, 3, fyraEMPTY(6): ett-, 1950-, två-
Case seems to be lexical feature of NUM. 100% lemmas (400) occur only with one value of Case.
PROPN
1095 sv-pos/PROPN tokens (98% of all PROPN tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
PROPN tokens may have the following values of Case:
Gen(135; 12% of non-emptyCase): Sveriges, EEC:s, Guds, Stockholms, Kristi, KF:s, Parsons, Europas, Jesu, EnglandsNom(960; 88% of non-emptyCase): Sverige, EEC, Stockholm, Göteborg, Horn, Gud, USA, Danmark, Malmö, KristusEMPTY(23): A, AF, B, Belgien, CH, D, DK, Danmark, F, FL
| Paradigm Sverige | Nom | Gen |
|---|---|---|
| Sverige | Sveriges |
Case seems to be lexical feature of PROPN. 92% lemmas (415) occur only with one value of Case.
VERB
39 sv-pos/VERB tokens (0% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Case co-occurred: Tense=Past (39; 100%), Mood=EMPTY (39; 100%), Voice=EMPTY (39; 100%), VerbForm=Part (39; 100%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Case:
Nom(39; 100% of non-emptyCase): vald, vänd, hörselskadad, påverkade, accepterad, anpassade, diciplinerade, emanciperade, frusterade, färdigräknadeEMPTY(7779): har, finns, blir, är, få, får, ha, gäller, ger, kommer
Case seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 100% lemmas (32) occur only with one value of Case.
Relations with Agreement in Case
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Case:
NOUN –[amod]–> ADJ (4468; 97%),
NOUN –[nmod]–> NOUN (2223; 95%),
NOUN –[conj]–> NOUN (1568; 92%),
NOUN –[nummod]–> NUM (732; 81%),
ADJ –[obl]–> NOUN (359; 97%),
ADJ –[nsubj]–> NOUN (357; 100%),
ADJ –[conj]–> ADJ (298; 100%),
NOUN –[appos]–> NOUN (204; 89%),
NOUN –[nsubj]–> NOUN (199; 95%),
PROPN –[conj]–> PROPN (179; 97%).
Case in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]