Gender: gender
Gender is a lexical feature of nouns and an inflectional feature of other parts of speech (adjectives, determiners) that mark agreement with nouns.
Com: common gender
Swedish does not distinguish masculine/feminine most of the time but does distinguish neuter vs. non-neuter (neutrum/utrum). The non-neuter is called common gender.
Examples
- [sv] en ogift mor “an unmarried mother”
- [sv] anmälan blir ifylld “the report is filled in”
Neut: neuter gender
Nouns and other parts of speech that are neither masculine nor feminine (grammatically).
Examples
- [sv] fullt bostadstillägg “full housing supplement”
- [sv] det första kravet “the first requirement”
Masc: masculine gender
Some adjectives, when referring specifically to a male person, take a masculine form in Swedish.
Examples
- [sv] den arbetslöse “the unemployed (man)”
- [sv] den brittiske författaren “the British author”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 4 different values: Com, Fem, Masc, Neut.
26710 tokens (35%) have a non-empty value of Gender.
8725 types (67%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Gender.
5915 lemmas (67%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Gender.
The feature is used with 6 part-of-speech tags: sv-pos/NOUN (17916; 23% instances), sv-pos/DET (3266; 4% instances), sv-pos/PRON (2913; 4% instances), sv-pos/ADJ (2512; 3% instances), sv-pos/NUM (80; 0% instances), sv-pos/VERB (23; 0% instances).
NOUN
17916 sv-pos/NOUN tokens (98% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.
The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Gender co-occurred: Case=Nom (16998; 95%), Number=Sing (12297; 69%), Definite=Ind (11705; 65%).
NOUN tokens may have the following values of Gender:
Com(12589; 70% of non-emptyGender): del, procent, människor, familjen, man, tid, kvinnor, dag, kvinnan, frågaFem(1; 0% of non-emptyGender): nuptiamMasc(1; 0% of non-emptyGender): consensusNeut(5325; 30% of non-emptyGender): år, barn, äktenskapet, barnen, samhället, arbete, sätt, äktenskap, fall, exempelEMPTY(375): kr, %, s., dr, kap., proc, KPI, mån, kl, milj
| Paradigm äktenskap | Neut | Com |
|---|---|---|
| Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Number=Sing | äktenskapets | äktenskapens |
| Case=Gen|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing | äktenskaps | |
| Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Number=Sing | äktenskapet | äktenskapen |
| Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing | äktenskap | |
| Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Number=Plur | äktenskap |
Gender seems to be lexical feature of NOUN. 99% lemmas (5044) occur only with one value of Gender.
DET
3266 sv-pos/DET tokens (72% of all DET tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.
The most frequent other feature values with which DET and Gender co-occurred: Number=Sing (3266; 100%), Poss=EMPTY (2957; 91%), PronType=Art (2559; 78%), Definite=Ind (1842; 56%).
DET tokens may have the following values of Gender:
Com(2240; 69% of non-emptyGender): en, den, sin, denna, någon, vår, ingen, din, vilken, varNeut(1026; 31% of non-emptyGender): ett, det, detta, sitt, något, vårt, allt, ditt, inget, vilketEMPTY(1249): de, alla, varje, dessa, samma, sina, deras, några, våra, vilka
| Paradigm en | Neut | Com |
|---|---|---|
| Definite=Def | det | den |
| Definite=Ind | ett | en |
PRON
2913 sv-pos/PRON tokens (63% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.
The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and Gender co-occurred: Number=Sing (2585; 89%), Definite=Def (2066; 71%), PronType=Prs (2001; 69%), Case=EMPTY (1553; 53%).
PRON tokens may have the following values of Gender:
Com(1677; 58% of non-emptyGender): man, vi, du, den, han, oss, jag, dig, hon, enMasc(2; 0% of non-emptyGender): denneNeut(1234; 42% of non-emptyGender): det, detta, vad, något, vilket, allt, mycket, annat, ett, ingentingEMPTY(1732): som, de, sig, dem, andra, många, varandra, alla, vilka, dessa
| Paradigm denna | Masc | Neut | Com |
|---|---|---|---|
| PronType=Dem | denne | detta | denna |
| PronType=Prs | detta |
ADJ
2512 sv-pos/ADJ tokens (38% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Gender co-occurred: Number=Sing (2508; 100%), Case=Nom (2504; 100%), Definite=Ind (2422; 96%), Tense=EMPTY (2068; 82%), VerbForm=EMPTY (2068; 82%), Degree=Pos (2065; 82%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Gender:
Com(1581; 63% of non-emptyGender): stor, annan, själv, egen, viss, sådan, ny, kristen, social, högMasc(35; 1% of non-emptyGender): enskilde, andre, ene, enskildes, skattskyldige, unge, amerikanske, andres, arbetslöse, engelskeNeut(896; 36% of non-emptyGender): annat, svårt, nytt, möjligt, sådant, socialt, viktigt, eget, klart, tagetEMPTY(4163): olika, andra, nya, många, stora, större, första, hela, vissa, flera
| Paradigm annan | Masc | Neut | Com |
|---|---|---|---|
| Case=Gen|Definite=Def | andres | ||
| Case=Nom|Definite=Def | andre | ||
| Case=Nom|Definite=Ind | annat | annan |
NUM
80 sv-pos/NUM tokens (6% of all NUM tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.
The most frequent other feature values with which NUM and Gender co-occurred: Case=Nom (80; 100%), NumType=Card (80; 100%).
NUM tokens may have the following values of Gender:
Com(54; 68% of non-emptyGender): enNeut(26; 33% of non-emptyGender): ettEMPTY(1304): två, tre, 1, 2, 20, 1970, 3, fyra, 10, 100
| Paradigm en | Neut | Com |
|---|---|---|
| ett | en |
VERB
23 sv-pos/VERB tokens (0% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Gender co-occurred: VerbForm=Part (23; 100%), Voice=EMPTY (23; 100%), Mood=EMPTY (23; 100%), Tense=Past (23; 100%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Gender:
Com(18; 78% of non-emptyGender): vald, vänd, hörselskadad, accepterad, ifylld, komplicerad, likställd, matroniserad, omsatt, tvättadNeut(5; 22% of non-emptyGender): förbjudet, opåverkat, sysselsatt, tillgodosett, upplagtEMPTY(7795): har, finns, blir, är, få, får, ha, gäller, ger, kommer
Gender seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 100% lemmas (18) occur only with one value of Gender.
Relations with Agreement in Gender
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Gender:
NOUN –[det]–> DET (2752; 76%),
NOUN –[nmod]–> NOUN (1241; 53%),
NOUN –[conj]–> NOUN (1149; 67%),
NOUN –[nmod:poss]–> NOUN (444; 61%),
NOUN –[nmod:poss]–> DET (284; 52%),
NOUN –[appos]–> NOUN (142; 62%),
NOUN –[nsubj]–> NOUN (116; 55%),
ADJ –[conj]–> ADJ (104; 79%),
ADJ –[expl]–> PRON (84; 92%),
ADJ –[nsubj]–> PRON (73; 54%).
Gender in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]