Case: case
Case is usually an inflectional feature of nouns and,
depending on language, other parts of speech (pronouns,
adjectives, determiners, numerals,
verbs) that mark agreement with nouns. In some tagsets
it is also valency feature of adpositions (saying that
the adposition requires its argument to be in that case).
Case helps specify the role of the noun phrase in the sentence, especially in free-word-order languages. For example, the nominative and accusative cases often distinguish subject and object of the verb, while in fixed-word-order languages these functions would be distinguished merely by the positions of the nouns in the sentence.
Since Portuguese is not a free-word-language, case is used only to describe (pronouns that inherited this feature from Latin.
We have three cases in Portuguese: nominative (Nom), dative (Dat) and accusative (Acc).
Examples
- nominative eu, ele, você, tu, nós accusative lo (in “visando dotá-lo de poderes”), se (in “a copa que amanhã se disputa”) dative lhe, lhes (in “políticas que lhes dizem respeito”)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Portuguese)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 3 different values: Acc, Dat, Nom.
2420 tokens (1%) have a non-empty value of Case.
41 types (0%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case.
12 lemmas (0%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case.
The feature is used with 1 part-of-speech tags: pt-pos/PRON (2420; 1% instances).
PRON
2420 pt-pos/PRON tokens (35% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and Case co-occurred: PronType=Prs (2419; 100%), Person=3 (1853; 77%), Number=Sing (1534; 63%), Gender=Masc (1296; 54%).
PRON tokens may have the following values of Case:
Acc(1717; 71% of non-emptyCase): se, o, me, a, nos, lo, os, la, as, losDat(222; 9% of non-emptyCase): lhe, me, lhes, nos, se, Ihe, vosNom(481; 20% of non-emptyCase): ele, eu, eles, ela, você, nós, elas, vocês, voce, vósEMPTY(4505): que, o, isso, quem, tudo, isto, nada, os, qual, a
| Paradigm ele | Nom | Acc | Dat |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | o | ||
| Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | ele | o, lo, no | lhe, Ihe |
| Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | eles | ||
| Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | ela | lhe | |
| Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | elas | ||
| Gender=Unsp|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | lhe |
Relations with Agreement in Case
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Case:
PRON –[conj]–> PRON (4; 100%),
PRON –[parataxis]–> PRON (1; 100%).
Case in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]