parataxis: parataxis
The parataxis relation (from Greek for “place side by side”) is a relation between a word (often the main predicate of a sentence) and other elements, such as a sentential parenthetical or a clause after a “:” or a “;”, placed side by side without any explicit coordination, subordination, or argument relation with the head word. Parataxis is a discourse-like equivalent of coordination, and so usually obeys an iconic ordering. Hence it is normal for the first part of a sentence to be the head and the second part to be the parataxis dependent, regardless of the headedness properties of the language. But things do get more complicated, such as cases of parentheticals, which appear medially.
A cama não era um leito de enferma, era um trono de rainha.
parataxis(trono, leito)
Folha -- O sr. acredita ter influenciado estes filmes ?
parataxis(Folha, acredita)
An inventory of constructions to which parataxis has been applied
Side-by-side sentences (“run-on sentences”)
The relation parataxis is used for a pair of what could have been standalone sentences, but which are being treated together as a single sentence. This may happen because sentence segmentation of the sentence was done primarily following the presence of sentence-final punctuation, and these clauses are joined by punctuation such as a colon or comma, or not delimited by punctuation at all. In a spoken corpus, it may happen because what is labeled as a sentence is more commonly an utterance turn. Even if the treebanker is doing the sentence division, it may happen because there seems to be a clear discourse relation linking two clauses. Sometimes there are more than two sentences joined in this way. In this case we make all the later sentences dependents of the first one, to maximize similarity to the analysis used for conjunction.
Fácil subir nos palanques , defendendo que é necessário « mudar tudo o que está aí .
parataxis(Fácil, defendendo)
This relation may happen with units that are smaller than sentences:
Mundo dividido a CIA
amod(Mundo, dividido)
parataxis(mundo, CIA)
det(CIA, a)
Treatment of reported speech
For this reported speech example:
Encontramos um homem-gol de que sentíamos falta há muitos anos , disse Van Himst.
parataxis(Encontramos, disse)
There are paraphrases that convey essentially the same meaning but with a different syntactic structure. When the reported speech is embedded in a subordinate clause (with or without an overt complementizer que, a not frequent construction in Portuguese, but frequent in many languages, as English), the subordinate clause is a ccomp of the speech verb.
Van Himst disse que eles encontraram um homem-gol .
ccomp(disse, encontraram)
When the reported speech follows the speech verb and is separated by a colon(:), the reported speech forms a main clause that attaches to the preceding main clause with a parataxis relation, hence with the speech verb as its head.
Van Himst disse : Eles encontraram um homem - gol .
parataxis(disse, encontraram)
However, when the speech verb occurs as a medial or final parenthetical, the relation is reversed and the speech verb is treated as a parataxis of the reported speech.
Eles encontraram um homem - gol, disse Van Himst.
parataxis(encontraram, disse)
This analysis is not uncontroversial but follows many authorities, such as Huddleston and Pullum (2002), The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (see chapter 11, section 9).
An argument for this analysis is that in the cases analyzed as embedding, the entire clause can be further embedded (Eu estava triste quando o Van Himst disse que eles encontraram um homem-gol.), while this is not possible with medial or final placement of the speech verb (*Eu estava triste quando encontraram um homem-gol, disse Van Hismt. (note that this sentnece is not ungrammatical but has a different meaning).
News article bylines
We have used the parataxis relation to connect the parts of a news article byline. There does not seem to be a better relation to use.
Lisboa ( Público ) :
parataxis(Lisboa, Público)
Interjected clauses
Single word or phrase interjections are analyzed as discourse, but when a whole clause is interjected, we use the relation parataxis.
Calafia tem ótimas batatas ( a gente morre por isto ! )
parataxis(tem, morre)
Só para confimar João conclui a reversa do dia três.
parataxis(confirmar, conclui)
In the second example, we treat the second half as the head of the dependency because the first half feels like a whole clause interjection, not like the main clause of the utterance.
Tag questions
We also use the parataxis relation for tag questions such as isn’t it? or haven’t you?.
Isso é para mim , não é ?
parataxis(mim, é)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Portuguese)
This relation is universal.
436 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as parataxis.
430 instances of parataxis (99%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 8.98394495412844.
The following 42 pairs of parts of speech are connected with parataxis: pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/VERB (137; 31% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/VERB (51; 12% instances), pt-pos/PROPN-pt-pos/VERB (46; 11% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/NOUN (45; 10% instances), pt-pos/PROPN-pt-pos/PROPN (30; 7% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/NOUN (22; 5% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/PROPN (11; 3% instances), pt-pos/ADV-pt-pos/VERB (8; 2% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/ADJ (8; 2% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/PRON (7; 2% instances), pt-pos/ADJ-pt-pos/ADJ (6; 1% instances), pt-pos/PRON-pt-pos/VERB (6; 1% instances), pt-pos/PROPN-pt-pos/ADV (5; 1% instances), pt-pos/PROPN-pt-pos/NOUN (5; 1% instances), pt-pos/ADJ-pt-pos/VERB (4; 1% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/ADJ (4; 1% instances), pt-pos/ADJ-pt-pos/NOUN (3; 1% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/ADV (3; 1% instances), pt-pos/ADJ-pt-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances), pt-pos/ADV-pt-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/INTJ (2; 0% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), pt-pos/NUM-pt-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), pt-pos/NUM-pt-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), pt-pos/PRON-pt-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances), pt-pos/PROPN-pt-pos/ADJ (2; 0% instances), pt-pos/PROPN-pt-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/SCONJ (2; 0% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/X (2; 0% instances), pt-pos/ADV-pt-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/DET-pt-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/DET (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/SYM (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/PRON-pt-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/PROPN-pt-pos/DET (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/PROPN-pt-pos/INTJ (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/PROPN-pt-pos/NUM (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/SYM-pt-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/SYM-pt-pos/SYM (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/DET (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 11 bgColor:blue
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1 « « PUNCT PU|@PU _ 3 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
2 Toda todo DET <quant>|DET|F|S|@>N Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Tot 3 det _ _
3 platéia platéia NOUN <np-def>|N|F|S|@SUBJ> Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 11 nsubj _ _
4 de de ADP PRP|@N< _ 5 case _ _
5 música música NOUN <np-idf>|N|F|S|@P< Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 3 nmod _ _
6 erudita erudito ADJ ADJ|F|S|@N< Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 amod _ _
7 é ser VERB <mv>|V|PR|3S|IND|@FS-STA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
8 tradicionalista tradicionalista ADJ ADJ|F|S|@SC> Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 11 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
9 » » PUNCT PU|@PU _ 3 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
10 , , PUNCT PU|@PU _ 7 punct _ _
11 explica explicar VERB <mv>|V|PR|3S|IND|@FS-STA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 parataxis _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT PU|@PU _ 7 punct _ _
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1 P. p. NOUN <np-idf>|N|F|S|@NPHR Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
2 -- -- PUNCT PU|@PU _ 1 punct _ _
3 As o DET <artd>|ART|F|P|@>N Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art 5 det _ _
4 suas seu DET <poss>|DET|F|P|@>N Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs 5 det _ _
5 filhas filha NOUN <np-def>|N|F|P|@SUBJ> Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 6 nsubj _ _
6 compreendem compreender VERB <mv>|V|PR|3P|IND|@FS-QUE Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 1 parataxis _ _
7 o o PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 8 det _ _
8 que que PRON <interr>|INDP|M|S|@SUBJ> Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Int 10 nsubj _ _
9 se se PRON PERS|M/F|3S/P|ACC|@ACC>-PASS Case=Acc|Gender=Unsp|PronType=Prs 10 expl _ _
10 passou passar VERB <mv>|<se-passive>|V|PS|3S|IND|@FS-<ACC Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 ccomp _ _
11 em em ADP PRP|@<OA _ 12 case _ _
12 Maio maio NOUN <prop>|<np-idf>|N|M|S|@P< Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 10 nmod:tmod _ _
13 68 68 NUM <card>|NUM|M|S|@N< NumType=Card 12 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No
14 ? ? PUNCT PU|@PU _ 1 punct _ _
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1 Folha Folha PROPN PROP|F|S|@NPHR Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
2 -- -- PUNCT PU|@PU _ 1 punct _ _
3 o o PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 4 det _ _
4 que que PRON <interr>|INDP|M|S|@ACC> Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Int 7 obj _ _
5 a o DET <artd>|ART|F|S|@>N Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 6 det _ _
6 mulher mulher NOUN <np-def>|N|F|S|@SUBJ> Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ _
7 precisa precisar VERB <mv>|V|PR|3S|IND|@FS-QUE Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 1 parataxis _ _
8 hoje hoje ADV ADV|@<ADVL _ 7 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
9 , , PUNCT PU|@PU _ 7 punct _ _
10 em em ADP PRP|@<ADVL _ 11 case _ MWE=em_termos_de
11 termos termos NOUN N|@P< _ 7 obl _ _
12 de de ADP PRP|@N< _ 13 case _ _
13 roupas roupa NOUN <np-idf>|N|F|P|@P< Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 11 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
14 ? ? PUNCT PU|@PU _ 1 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Portuguese-BR)
This relation is universal.
686 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as parataxis.
489 instances of parataxis (71%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 12.3309037900875.
The following 25 pairs of parts of speech are connected with parataxis: pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/VERB (297; 43% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/PROPN (118; 17% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/NOUN (114; 17% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/VERB (53; 8% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/PROPN (21; 3% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/NOUN (11; 2% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/NUM (11; 2% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/PRON (10; 1% instances), pt-pos/PROPN-pt-pos/VERB (9; 1% instances), pt-pos/PROPN-pt-pos/PROPN (8; 1% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/X (6; 1% instances), pt-pos/PRON-pt-pos/VERB (5; 1% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/NUM (4; 1% instances), pt-pos/PROPN-pt-pos/NOUN (4; 1% instances), pt-pos/ADJ-pt-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), pt-pos/PRON-pt-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/ADJ (2; 0% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/PART (2; 0% instances), pt-pos/DET-pt-pos/NUM (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/NOUN-pt-pos/X (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/PRON-pt-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/PROPN-pt-pos/NUM (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/VERB-pt-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), pt-pos/X-pt-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances).
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1 Mas _ CCONJ CONJ _ 3 cc _ _
2 não _ ADV ADV Polarity=Neg 3 advmod _ _
3 gosto _ VERB VERB _ 12 ccomp _ _
4 de _ ADP ADP _ 5 case _ _
5 mulher _ NOUN NOUN _ 3 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
6 , _ PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _
7 gosto _ VERB VERB _ 3 parataxis _ _
8 de _ ADP ADP _ 9 case _ _
9 homem _ NOUN NOUN _ 7 nmod _ _
10 " _ PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
11 , _ PUNCT . _ 12 punct _ _
12 avisa _ VERB VERB _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . _ PUNCT . _ 12 punct _ _
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1 ÉPOCA _ PROPN PNOUN _ 4 parataxis _ _
2 -- _ PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _
3 Como _ ADV ADV _ 4 advmod _ _
4 acontecia _ VERB VERB _ 0 root _ _
5 a _ DET DET _ 6 det _ _
6 intervenção _ NOUN NOUN _ 4 nsubj _ _
7 en en ADP ADP _ 9 case _ _
8 as o DET DET Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art 9 det _ _
9 escolas _ NOUN NOUN _ 4 nmod _ _
10 ruins _ ADJ ADJ _ 9 amod _ SpaceAfter=No
11 ? _ PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _
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1 Marca _ VERB VERB _ 0 root _ _
2 e _ CCONJ CONJ _ 3 cc _ _
3 embalagem _ NOUN NOUN _ 1 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
4 : _ PUNCT . _ 1 punct _ _
5 administração _ NOUN NOUN _ 1 parataxis _ _
6 e _ CCONJ CONJ _ 7 cc _ _
7 conceito _ NOUN NOUN _ 5 conj _ _
8 produto _ NOUN NOUN _ 7 appos _ SpaceAfter=No
9 . _ PUNCT . _ 1 punct _ _
parataxis in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]