Case: case
Case is usually an inflectional feature of nouns, and, in many Uralic
languages, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals, some adpositions and adverbs,
and non-finite forms of verbs. The case feature typically matches case
suffixes. Some cases can be considered derivational, creating a new lexeme
rather than part of the original lexical features, this is often case with
marginal semantic cases that are not part of lexical constructions. Uralic
languages have rich case systems and there are few dozens of values that can be
used, it is advisable to try and match an existing value before documenting a
new one.
The values can be roughly separated into grammatical (Nom, Acc, Dat) and
semantic. Semantic cases are typically derived of proto-Uralic directional case
systems (to, on, from, and later: inner, outer and surficial, etc.), but are
different between Uralic languages. Marginal cases are sometimes considered as
derivational suffixes instead.
The case systems of Uralic languages vary a lot, a care should be taken in using correct values mapping between different languages. For example, Hungarian has full nominative-accusative-dative grammatical case system, whereas Finnish has genitive and partitive standing in for object cases and no dative; Hungarian has a 9 locative case system whereas Finnish has 6 and North Sámi 4. It is not always easy to map between them using descriptions here as only guideline.
Distinguishing between marginal cases and derivations have to be done on a case by case basis. Potential evidence against Case feature includes: no phonological evidence (e.g. lack of vowel harmony indicates a postpositional enclitic / compound), no syntactic evidence (e.g. lack of case agreement in noun phrases) and limited productivity.
Nom: Nominative
Nominative is typically an unmarked base form, the form of subject’s in basic clauses, often also the dictionary form and lemma form of the word.
Nominative examples
- [fi] kissa “cat”, talo “house”
- [fi] nopea “fast”, juokseva “running”
- [fi] minä “I”, kolme “three”
# sentence-text: Tämä ongelma voidaan ratkaista siten, että pieni tarkkailijoiden ydinryhmä toimii pidemmällä aikavälillä.
1 Tämä tämä PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 2 det _ _
2 ongelma ongelma NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 4 dobj _ _
3 voidaan voida AUX V Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass 4 aux _ _
4 ratkaista ratkaista VERB V InfForm=1|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
5 siten siten ADV Adv _ 4 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
6 , , PUNCT Punct _ 11 punct _ _
7 että että SCONJ C _ 11 mark _ _
8 pieni pieni ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 10 amod _ _
9 tarkkailijoiden tarkkailija NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Plur 10 nmod:poss _ _
10 ydinryhmä ydin#ryhmä NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 11 nsubj _ _
11 toimii toimia VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 ccomp
_ _
12 pidemmällä pitkä ADJ A Case=Ade|Degree=Cmp|Number=Sing 13 amod _ _
13 aikavälillä aika#väli NOUN N Case=Ade|Number=Sing 11 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
14 . . PUNCT Punct _ 4 punct _ _
Acc: Accusative
Accusative is typically the form of direct object, but not necessarily solely.
For example, in Finnish the direct object is mainly seen in genitive Gen and
partitive Par forms instead (because of language history).
Accusative examples
- [fi] hänet “him”
1 - - PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _
2 Opettaja opettaja NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 5 vocative _ SpaceA
fter=No
3 , , PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
4 mä minä PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs|Style=Coll 5 nsubj _
_
5 näin nähdä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
6 sut sinä PRON Pron Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Coll 5 dobj _
_
7 eilen eilen ADV Adv _ 5 advmod _ _
8 kaupungilla kaupunki NOUN N Case=Ade|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
9 . . PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _
Dat: Dative
Dative is typically a form for indirect object, though many other (semantic) cases are used in constructions that are considered indirect objects in some of the grammars.
Dative examples
None in Finnish.
Par: Partitive
Partitive is used for various tasks, including object case, indefinite semantics etc.
Partitive examples
- [fi] kissaa “a cat, of a cat”, taloa “a house, of a house”
# sentence-text: Se ravasi käytännössä siksakkia joen toisen penkan muurilta toiselle, kävi tervehtimässä kaikkia vastaantulijoita ja varmuuden vuoksi kyräili jokaista hiihtäjää.
1 Se se PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 2 nsubj 11:nsubj|12:nsubj|18:nsubj _
2 ravasi ravata VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
3 käytännössä käytäntö NOUN N Case=Ine|Number=Sing 2 nmod _ _
4 siksakkia siksakki NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 2 dobj _ _
5 joen joki NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 7 nmod:poss _ _
6 toisen toinen PRON Pron Case=Gen|Number=Sing|PronType=Rcp 7 det _ _
7 penkan penkka NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 8 nmod:poss _ _
8 muurilta muuri NOUN N Case=Abl|Number=Sing 2 nmod _ _
9 toiselle toinen PRON Pron Case=All|Number=Sing|PronType=Rcp 2 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
10 , , PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
11 kävi käydä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 2 conj
_ _
12 tervehtimässä tervehtiä VERB V Case=Ine|InfForm=3|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 11
xcomp _ _
13 kaikkia kaikki PRON Pron Case=Par|Number=Plur|PronType=Ind 14 det _ _
14 vastaantulijoita vastaantulija NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Plur 12 dobj _ _
15 ja ja CONJ C _ 2 cc _ _
16 varmuuden varmuus NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 18 nmod _ _
17 vuoksi vuoksi ADP Adp AdpType=Post 16 case _ _
18 kyräili kyräillä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 2
conj _ _
19 jokaista jokainen PRON Pron Case=Par|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 20 det _
_
20 hiihtäjää hiihtäjä NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 18 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
21 . . PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
Gen: Genitive
Genitive is typically used to form owning construction. In Finnish, genitive is used for many grammatical constructions, such as necessive subject, direct object, and so forth. Historically Finnish may have had an accusative suffix of -m whereas genitive suffix is -n, that have been merged, however, this distinction is not made in Universal Dependencies analysis (there should be a guideline saying that historical analyses are to be avoided).
Genitive examples
- [fi] kissan “cat’s”, talon “house’s”
# sentence-text: Ainoastaan ihan lopun tapahtumat alkoivat olla dramaturgisesti puuroa, ikään kuin innostus olisi vienyt tarinaa eteenpäin, mutta yhtäkkiä olisi tullut ongelma, mihin jutun päättää.
1 Ainoastaan ainoastaan ADV Adv _ 3 advmod _ _
2 ihan ihan ADV Adv _ 3 advmod _ _
3 lopun loppu NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 4 nmod:poss _ _
4 tapahtumat tapahtuma NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Plur 5 nsubj 8:nsubj:cop _
5 alkoivat alkaa VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0
root _ _
6 olla olla VERB V InfForm=1|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 8 cop _ _
7 dramaturgisesti dramaturginen ADV Adv Derivation=Sti 8 advmod _ _
8 puuroa puuro NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 5 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
9 , , PUNCT Punct _ 14 punct _ _
10 ikään ikään ADV Adv _ 14 advmod 21:advmod _
11 kuin kuin ADV Adv _ 10 mwe _ _
12 innostus innostus NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 14 nsubj _ _
13 olisi olla AUX V Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 14 aux _
_
14 vienyt viedä VERB V Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 5
advcl _ _
15 tarinaa tarina NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 14 dobj _ _
16 eteenpäin eteenpäin ADV Adv _ 14 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
17 , , PUNCT Punct _ 14 punct _ _
18 mutta mutta CONJ C _ 14 cc _ _
19 yhtäkkiä yhtäkkiä ADV Adv _ 21 advmod _ _
20 olisi olla AUX V Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 21 aux _
_
21 tullut tulla VERB V Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 14
conj 5:advcl _
22 ongelma ongelma NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 21 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
23 , , PUNCT Punct _ 26 punct _ _
24 mihin mikä PRON Pron Case=Ill|Number=Sing|PronType=Int 26 nmod _ _
25 jutun juttu NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 26 dobj _ _
26 päättää päättää VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 22 ccomp
_ SpaceAfter=No
27 . . PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _
Ine: Inessive case
Inessive is case for “being inside”. It is a part of the Uralic extended locative case system.
Inessive examples
- [fi] kissassa “in a cat”, talossa “in a house”
# sentence-text: Rakastan värkätä kaikenlaista juttua omassa verstaassani niin, että aika vain suhahtaa ohi.
1 Rakastan rakastaa VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
2 värkätä värkätä VERB V InfForm=1|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 1 xcomp _ _
3 kaikenlaista kaikenlainen ADJ A Case=Par|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 4 amod _ _
4 juttua juttu NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 2 dobj _ _
5 omassa oma ADJ A Case=Ine|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 6 amod _ _
6 verstaassani verstas NOUN N Case=Ine|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1 2 nmod
_ _
7 niin niin ADV Adv _ 2 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
8 , , PUNCT Punct _ 12 punct _ _
9 että että SCONJ C _ 12 mark _ _
10 aika aika NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ _
11 vain vain ADV Adv _ 12 advmod _ _
12 suhahtaa suhahtaa VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 7 ccomp _ _
13 ohi ohi ADV Adv _ 12 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
14 . . PUNCT Punct _ 1 punct _ _
Ela: Elative case
Elative is case for “moving out from inside”. It is a part of the Uralic extended locative case system.
Elative examples
- [fi] kissasta “from a cat”, talosta “ from a house”
# sentence-text: Tykkään aivan mielettömästi piirretyistä ja tästä tuli kyllä eräs uusista elokuvasuosikeistani.:)
1 Tykkään tykätä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
2 aivan aivan ADV Adv _ 3 advmod _ _
3 mielettömästi mielettömästi ADV Adv _ 1 advmod _ _
4 piirretyistä piirretty NOUN N Case=Ela|Number=Plur 1 nmod _ _
5 ja ja CONJ C _ 1 cc _ _
6 tästä tämä PRON Pron Case=Ela|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 7 nmod _ _
7 tuli tulla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 1 conj
_ _
8 kyllä kyllä ADV Adv _ 7 advmod _ _
9 eräs eräs PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 7 nsubj _ _
10 uusista uusi ADJ A Case=Ela|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 11 amod _ _
11 elokuvasuosikeistani elo#kuva#suosikki NOUN N Case=Ela|Number=Plur|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1 9 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT Punct _ 1 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
13 :) :) SYM Symb _ 1 discourse _ _
Ill: Illative case
Illative is case for “moving into inside”. It is a part of the Uralic extended locative case system.
Illative examples
- [fi] kissaan “into a cat”, taloon “into a house”
# sentence-text: Luulenpa että yksi syy jäädä kotiin on nimenomaan se, että tekemistä on ollut kovin paljon.
1 Luulenpa luulla VERB V Clitic=Pa|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=
Act 0 root _ _
2 että että SCONJ C _ 9 mark _ _
3 yksi yksi NUM Num Case=Nom|Number=Sing|NumType=Card 4 nummod _ _
4 syy syy NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 9 nsubj:cop _ _
5 jäädä jäädä VERB V InfForm=1|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 4 acl _ _
6 kotiin koti NOUN N Case=Ill|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ _
7 on olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 9 cop
_ _
8 nimenomaan nimen#omaan ADV Adv _ 9 advmod _ _
9 se se PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 1 ccomp _ SpaceAfter=No
10 , , PUNCT Punct _ 16 punct _ _
11 että että SCONJ C _ 16 mark _ _
12 tekemistä tekeminen NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 16 nsubj:cop _ _
13 on olla AUX V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 16 aux
_ _
14 ollut olla VERB V Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 16
cop _ _
15 kovin kovin ADV Adv _ 16 advmod _ _
16 paljon paljon ADV Adv _ 9 ccomp _ SpaceAfter=No
17 . . PUNCT Punct _ 1 punct _ _
Ade: Adessive case
Adessive is case for “being outside”. It is a part of the Uralic extended locative case system.
Adessive examples
- [fi] kissalla “on a cat”, talolla “near a house”
# sentence-text: Vietin eilisen päivän tosiaan sohvalla lepäillen ja jalkaani hoitaen.
1 Vietin viettää VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
2 eilisen eilinen ADJ A Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 3 amod _ _
3 päivän päivä NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 1 dobj _ _
4 tosiaan tosiaan ADV Adv _ 1 advmod _ _
5 sohvalla sohva NOUN N Case=Ade|Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _
6 lepäillen lepäillä VERB V Case=Ins|InfForm=2|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 1
advcl _ _
7 ja ja CONJ C _ 6 cc _ _
8 jalkaani jalka NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1 9 dobj
_ _
9 hoitaen hoitaa VERB V Case=Ins|InfForm=2|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 6 conj 1:advcl SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT Punct _ 1 punct _ _
Abl: Ablative case
Ablative is case for “moving from outside”. It is a part of the Uralic extended locative case system.
Ablative examples
- [fi] kissalta “from a cat”, talolta “from around a house”
# sentence-text: Tämän lisäksi osa rahoituksesta pyritään keräämään tulevalta yleisöltä (crowd funding).
1 Tämän tämä PRON Pron Case=Gen|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 5 nmod _ _
2 lisäksi lisäksi ADP Adp AdpType=Post 1 case _ _
3 osa osa NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 6 dobj _ _
4 rahoituksesta rahoitus NOUN N Case=Ela|Number=Sing 3 nmod _ _
5 pyritään pyrkiä VERB V Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass 0 root _
_
6 keräämään kerätä VERB V Case=Ill|InfForm=3|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 5 xcomp
_ _
7 tulevalta tuleva ADJ A Case=Abl|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 8 amod _ _
8 yleisöltä yleisö NOUN N Case=Abl|Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _
9 ( ( PUNCT Punct _ 10 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
10 crowd crowd X Foreign Foreign=Foreign 5 appos _ _
11 funding funding X Foreign Foreign=Foreign 10 foreign _ SpaceAfter=No
12 ) ) PUNCT Punct _ 10 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . . PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _
All: Allative case
Allative is case for “moving to outside”. It is a part of the Uralic extended locative case system.
Allative examples
- [fi] kissalle “to a cat”, talolle “ to a house”
# sentence-text: Eilen ajoin yksin mökille.
1 Eilen eilen ADV Adv _ 2 advmod _ _
2 ajoin ajaa VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
3 yksin yksin ADV Adv _ 2 advmod _ _
4 mökille mökki NOUN N Case=All|Number=Sing 2 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
5 . . PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
~̃~̃~
### `Sup`: Superessive case
Superessive is case for "being on a surface". It is a part of the Uralic extended
locative case system.
#### Superessive examples
None in Finnish.
### `Del`: Delative case
Elative is case for "moving out from surface". It is a part of the Uralic
extended locative case system.
#### Delative examples
None in Finnish.
### `Sub`: Sublative case
Sublative is case for "moving onto a surface". It is a part of the Uralic
extended locative case system.
#### Delative examples
None in Finnish.
<!--
some Uralic languages will have more of a proto-Uralic three case system
-->
### `Loc`: Locative case
Locative is case for "being in / at / on". It is a part of Proto-Uralic
basic locative case system.
#### Locative examples
None in Finnish
### `Lat`: Lative case
Lative is case for "moving in / at / on". It is a part of Proto-Uralic
basic locative case system.
#### Lative examples
None in Finnish
<!-- marginal locative -->
### `Ter`: Terminative case
Terminative is case for "moving until".
#### Terminative examples
None in Finnish
### `Pro?`: Prolative case
Prolative is a case for "moving via".
#### Prolative examples
None in Finnish
<!-- locative ~ stative case system -->
### `Ess`: Essive case
Essive is a case for "being something". It is a part of Uralic stative case
system.
#### Essive examples
* [fi] _kissana_ "as a cat", _talona_ "as a house"
~~~ conllu
# sentence-text: Tuomiokirkko rakennuksena tekee minuun aina suuren vaikutuksen.
1 Tuomiokirkko tuomio#kirkko NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _
2 rakennuksena rakennus NOUN N Case=Ess|Number=Sing 1 nmod _ _
3 tekee tehdä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
4 minuun minä PRON Pron Case=Ill|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 3 nmod _ _
5 aina aina ADV Adv _ 3 advmod _ _
6 suuren suuri ADJ A Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 7 amod _ _
7 vaikutuksen vaikutus NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 3 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT Punct _ 3 punct _ _
Exe: Exessive case
Exessive is a case for “unbecoming something”.
Finnish essives are treated as derivations, e.g. [fi] papinta “from a priest(‘s house)”
Exessive examples
None in Finnish
Tra: Translative case
Translative is a case for “turning into something”.
Translative examples
- [fi] kissaksi “into a cat”, taloksi “as home, lit. into a house”
# sentence-text: Sitten pilkon sipulia hyvin pieneksi silpuksi ja lisään joukkoon.
1 Sitten sitten ADV Adv _ 2 advmod 8:advmod _
2 pilkon pilkkoa VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
3 sipulia sipuli NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 2 dobj 8:dobj _
4 hyvin hyvin ADV Adv _ 5 advmod _ _
5 pieneksi pieni ADJ A Case=Tra|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 6 amod _ _
6 silpuksi silppu NOUN N Case=Tra|Number=Sing 2 xcomp:ds _ _
7 ja ja CONJ C _ 2 cc _ _
8 lisään lisätä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 2 conj
_ _
9 joukkoon joukko NOUN N Case=Ill|Number=Sing 8 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
Abe: Abessive case
Abessive is a case for “without”.
Abessive examples
- [fi] kissatta, “without a cat”, talotta “without a house”
# sentence-text: Olipa kysymys siis tuhansista kadonneista tai Jammun ja Kashmirin joukkohaudoista tai kristittyjen murhaamisesta Orissassa ja heihin kohdistuvista hyökkäyksistä, meidän on edelleen sitouduttava ihmisoikeuksiin ehdoitta
ja varauksetta.
1 Olipa olla VERB V Clitic=Pa|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act
23 advcl _ _
2 kysymys kysymys NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 1 nsubj _ _
3 siis siis ADV Adv _ 1 advmod _ _
4 tuhansista tuhat NUM Num Case=Ela|Number=Plur|NumType=Card 5 nummod _ _
5 kadonneista kadonnut NOUN N Case=Ela|Number=Plur 1 nmod _ _
6 tai tai CONJ C _ 5 cc _ _
7 Jammun Jammu PROPN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 10 nmod:poss _ _
8 ja ja CONJ C _ 7 cc _ _
9 Kashmirin Kashmir PROPN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 7 conj 10:nmod:poss _
10 joukkohaudoista joukko#hauta NOUN N Case=Ela|Number=Plur 5 conj 1:nmod _
11 tai tai CONJ C _ 5 cc _ _
12 kristittyjen kristitty ADJ A Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 13 nmod:gobj _
_
13 murhaamisesta murhata NOUN N Case=Ela|Derivation=Minen|Number=Sing 5 conj 1:nmod _
14 Orissassa Orissa PROPN N Case=Ine|Number=Sing 13 nmod _ _
15 ja ja CONJ C _ 13 cc _ _
16 heihin hän PRON Pron Case=Ill|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 17 nmod _ _
17 kohdistuvista kohdistua VERB V Case=Ela|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur|PartForm=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Vo
ice=Act 18 acl _ _
18 hyökkäyksistä hyökkäys NOUN N Case=Ela|Number=Plur 13 conj 1:nmod SpaceAfter=No
19 , , PUNCT Punct _ 1 punct _ _
20 meidän minä PRON Pron Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 23 nsubj _ _
21 on olla AUX V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 23 aux
_ _
22 edelleen edelleen ADV Adv _ 23 advmod _ _
23 sitouduttava sitoutua VERB V Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Vo
ice=Pass 0 root _ _
24 ihmisoikeuksiin ihmis#oikeus NOUN N Case=Ill|Number=Plur 23 nmod _ _
25 ehdoitta ehto NOUN N Case=Abe|Number=Plur 23 nmod _ _
26 ja ja CONJ C _ 25 cc _ _
27 varauksetta varaus NOUN N Case=Abe|Number=Sing 25 conj 23:nmod SpaceAfter=No
28 . . PUNCT Punct _ 23 punct _ _
Ins: Instructive or instrumental case
Instructive is a case for “with” (as a tool, means etc.).
Many Finnish instructives are treated as adverbs, e.g. [fi] käsin “by hand, manually”.
Instructive examples
- [fi] kissoin “with cats”, taloin “with houses”
# sentence-text: Joulun jälkeen on hyvä hetki katsella ruokakaupan hyllyjä aivan uusin silmin.
1 Joulun joulu NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ _
2 jälkeen jälkeen ADP Adp AdpType=Post 1 case _ _
3 on olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 cop
_ _
4 hyvä hyvä ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 5 amod _ _
5 hetki hetki NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
6 katsella katsella VERB V InfForm=1|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 5 acl
_ _
7 ruokakaupan ruoka#kauppa NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 8 nmod:poss _ _
8 hyllyjä hylly NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Plur 6 dobj _ _
9 aivan aivan ADV Adv _ 10 advmod _ _
10 uusin uusi ADJ A Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 11 amod _ _
11 silmin silmä NOUN N Case=Ins|Number=Plur 6 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _
Com: Comitative or sociative case
Comitative is a case for “with” (as accompanied with, alongside).
Comitative examples
- [fi] kissoine “with their cats”, taloine “with their houses”
# sentence-text: Itse asiassa siinä kulminoituu elämän koko kirjo iloineen ja suruineen.
1 Itse itse ADV Adv _ 4 advmod _ _
2 asiassa asiassa ADV Adv _ 1 mwe _ _
3 siinä se PRON Pron Case=Ine|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 4 nmod _ _
4 kulminoituu kulminoitua VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Ac
t 0 root _ _
5 elämän elämä NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 7 nmod:poss _ _
6 koko koko ADJ A _ 7 amod _ _
7 kirjo kirjo NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _
8 iloineen ilo NOUN N Case=Com|Person[psor]=3 7 nmod _ _
9 ja ja CONJ C _ 8 cc _ _
10 suruineen suru NOUN N Case=Com|Person[psor]=3 8 conj 7:nmod SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT Punct _ 4 punct _ _
Dis: Distributive case
Distributive is a case for “each, one by one”.
Finnish distributives are treated as derivations, such as [fi] talottain “house by house”.
Distributive examples
Tem: Temporal case
Temporal is a case for “at” (for a given time).
Finnish temporal distributives are treated as derivations, such as [fi] perjantaisin “each Friday”.
Temporal examples
Cau: Causative or causal case
Causative is a case for “because of”.
Add: Additive case
Additive is an Estonian case…
Voc: Vocative case
Vocative is a case for …
Layered cases
Some Uralic languages allow stacking of case suffixes, which might be implemented in UD as layered annotations or lexicalising the inflected form.
Case in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]