case: case marking
The case relation for Mandarin Chinese is applied to various particles that mark non-clausal dependents, including the genitive 的 de (1); prepositions (2, 3), including “coverbs” (4); and the valence markers 把 bǎ and 將 jiāng (5) in “BA constructions” (see obl:patient); the comparative 比 bǐ (6); and 被 bèi in “long passive” constructions where the agent is mentioned (7).
Note that 的 de has other grammaticalized functions that require the mark:rel relation instead.
Postpositions, also known as “localizers”, are labeled with case:loc instead.
# visual-style 1 2 case color:blue
# visual-style 1 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
1 你 _ PRON _ _ 3 nmod _ 2SG
2 的 _ PART _ _ 1 case _ GEN
3 電話 _ NOUN _ _ 0 root _ phone
1 "your _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
2 phone" _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
# visual-style 3 2 case color:blue
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
1 我 _ PRON _ _ 5 nsubj _ 1SG
2 在 _ ADP _ _ 3 case _ at
3 公司 _ NOUN _ _ 5 obl _ company
4 已經 _ ADV _ _ 5 advmod _ already
5 完成 _ VERB _ _ 0 root _ complete
6 了 _ PART _ _ 5 discourse:sp _ SP
1 "I _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
2 already _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
3 completed _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
4 it _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
5 at _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
6 the _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
7 office." _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
# visual-style 3 2 case color:blue
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
1 戴 _ VERB _ _ 0 root _ wear
2 在 _ ADP _ _ 3 case _ on
3 手 _ NOUN _ _ 1 obl _ hand
4 上 _ ADP _ _ 3 case:loc _ above
1 "wear _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
2 it _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
3 on _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
4 the _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
5 hand" _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
# visual-style 2 1 case color:blue
# visual-style 1 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
1 跟 _ ADP _ _ 2 case _ with
2 我 _ PRON _ _ 3 obl _ 1SG
3 來 _ VERB _ _ 0 root _ come
1 "Come _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
2 with _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
3 me." _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
# visual-style 2 1 case color:blue
# visual-style 1 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
1 把 _ ADP _ _ 2 case _ BA
2 他們 _ PRON _ _ 3 obl:patient _ 3PL
3 藏 _ VERB _ _ 0 root _ hide
4 在 _ ADP _ _ 5 case _ in
5 房 _ NOUN _ _ 3 obl _ room
6 裡 _ ADP _ _ 5 case:loc _ inside
1 "Hide _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
2 them _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
3 inside _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
4 the _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
5 room." _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
# visual-style 4 3 case color:blue
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
1 我們 _ PRON _ _ 7 nsubj _ 1PL
2 應該 _ AUX _ _ 7 aux _ should
3 比 _ ADP _ _ 4 case _ COMP
4 他們 _ PRON _ _ 7 obl _ 3PL
5 更 _ ADV _ _ 6 advmod _ more
6 早 _ ADJ _ _ 7 advmod _ early
7 到達 _ VERB _ _ 0 root _ arrive
8 公司 _ NOUN _ _ 7 obj _ company
1 "We _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
2 may _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
3 arrive _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
4 at _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
5 the _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
6 company _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
7 before _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
8 (earlier _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
9 than) _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
10 them." _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
# visual-style 2 1 case color:blue
# visual-style 1 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
1 被 _ ADP _ _ 2 case _ by
2 你 _ PRON _ _ 3 obl:agent _ 2SG
3 偷 _ VERB _ _ 0 root _ steal
4 了 _ PART _ _ 3 discourse:sp _ SP
1 "It _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
2 was _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
3 stolen _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
4 by _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
5 you." _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Chinese)
This relation is universal.
There are 4 language-specific subtypes of case: case:aspect, case:dec, case:pref, case:suff.
3218 nodes (3%) are attached to their parents as case.
3201 instances of case (99%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 3.2119328775637.
The following 13 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: zh-pos/NOUN-zh-pos/ADP (1897; 59% instances), zh-pos/VERB-zh-pos/ADP (588; 18% instances), zh-pos/PART-zh-pos/ADP (244; 8% instances), zh-pos/PROPN-zh-pos/ADP (208; 6% instances), zh-pos/PRON-zh-pos/ADP (164; 5% instances), zh-pos/ADJ-zh-pos/ADP (59; 2% instances), zh-pos/X-zh-pos/ADP (26; 1% instances), zh-pos/ADV-zh-pos/ADP (12; 0% instances), zh-pos/NUM-zh-pos/ADP (10; 0% instances), zh-pos/ADP-zh-pos/ADP (6; 0% instances), zh-pos/PUNCT-zh-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances), zh-pos/AUX-zh-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), zh-pos/DET-zh-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 18 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 18 fgColor:white
# visual-style 22 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 22 fgColor:white
# visual-style 22 18 case color:blue
1 在 在 VERB VV _ 12 acl _ SpaceAfter=No
2 平原 平原 NOUN NN _ 1 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
3 、 、 PUNCT EC _ 4 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
4 塔 塔 NOUN NN _ 2 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
5 、 、 PUNCT EC _ 6 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
6 洞窟 洞窟 NOUN NN _ 2 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
7 、 、 PUNCT EC _ 8 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
8 海 海 NOUN NN _ 2 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
9 或 或 CCONJ CC _ 10 cc _ SpaceAfter=No
10 迷宮 迷宮 NOUN NN _ 2 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
11 中 中 NOUN NN _ 2 acl _ SpaceAfter=No
12 移動 移動 VERB VV _ 23 acl _ SpaceAfter=No
13 時 時 ADP IN _ 12 mark _ SpaceAfter=No
14 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
15 玩家 玩家 NOUN NN _ 23 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
16 將 將 ADV RB _ 23 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
17 會 會 AUX MD _ 23 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
18 和 和 ADP IN _ 22 case _ SpaceAfter=No
19 隨機 隨機 ADV RB _ 20 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
20 遇到 遇到 VERB VV _ 22 acl:relcl _ SpaceAfter=No
21 的 的 PART DEC _ 20 mark:relcl _ SpaceAfter=No
22 敵人 敵人 NOUN NN _ 23 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
23 作戰 作戰 VERB VV _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
24 . . PUNCT . _ 23 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 3 case color:blue
1 這種 這種 DET DT _ 2 det _ SpaceAfter=No
2 車輛 車輛 NOUN NN _ 10 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
3 如果 如果 ADP IN _ 4 case _ SpaceAfter=No
4 歸 歸 VERB VV _ 10 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
5 私人 私人 NOUN NN _ 6 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
6 擁有 擁有 VERB VV _ 4 ccomp _ SpaceAfter=No
7 , , PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
8 多半 多半 ADV RB _ 10 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
9 會 會 AUX MD _ 10 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
10 設置 設置 VERB VV _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
11 昂貴 昂貴 ADJ JJ _ 14 amod _ SpaceAfter=No
12 的 的 PART DEC _ 11 mark:relcl _ SpaceAfter=No
13 音頻 音頻 NOUN NN _ 14 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
14 設備 設備 NOUN NN _ 10 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
15 、 、 PUNCT EC _ 17 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
16 電視 電視 NOUN NN _ 17 case:suff _ SpaceAfter=No
17 機 機 PART SFN _ 14 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
18 、 、 PUNCT EC _ 20 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
19 影碟 影碟 NOUN NN _ 20 case:suff _ SpaceAfter=No
20 機 機 PART SFN _ 14 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
21 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
22 以及 以及 CCONJ CC _ 23 cc _ SpaceAfter=No
23 吧台 吧台 NOUN NN _ 14 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
24 和 和 CCONJ CC _ 25 cc _ SpaceAfter=No
25 冰箱 冰箱 NOUN NN _ 23 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
26 . . PUNCT . _ 10 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 2 case color:blue
1 支線 支線 NOUN NN _ 19 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
2 從 從 ADP IN _ 4 case _ SpaceAfter=No
3 朝陽 朝陽 PROPN NNP _ 4 case:suff _ SpaceAfter=No
4 門 門 PART SFN _ 5 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
5 到 到 VERB VV _ 9 acl _ SpaceAfter=No
6 楊閘 楊閘 PROPN NNP _ 7 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
7 環島 環島 NOUN NN _ 5 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
8 後 後 ADP IN _ 5 mark _ SpaceAfter=No
9 繼續 繼續 VERB VV _ 19 acl _ SpaceAfter=No
10 向 向 ADP IN _ 11 case _ SpaceAfter=No
11 東 東 NOUN NN _ 12 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
12 行駛 行駛 VERB VV _ 9 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
13 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
14 上 上 VERB VV _ 19 acl _ SpaceAfter=No
15 京 京 PROPN NNP _ 17 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
16 哈 哈 PROPN NNP _ 17 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
17 高速 高速 NOUN NN _ 14 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
18 後 後 ADP IN _ 14 mark _ SpaceAfter=No
19 到達 到達 VERB VV _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
20 通州 通州 PROPN NNP _ 23 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
21 武夷 武夷 PROPN NNP _ 23 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
22 花園 花園 NOUN NN _ 23 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
23 小區 小區 NOUN NN _ 19 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
24 . . PUNCT . _ 19 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
case in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]