case: case marking
The case relation is used for most prepositions in Irish. Prepositions are treated as dependents of the noun they introduce in an “extended nominal projection”. Thus, contrary to SD, UD abandons treating a preposition as a mediator between a modified word and its object. The case relation aims at providing a uniform analysis of prepositions and case in morphologically rich languages.
See nmod:pred for labelling of prepositional pronouns, and xcomp:pred for prepositional predicates.
Prepositions have many functions in Irish.
Examples
adjuncts
PPs can precede or follow the verb they modify, or follow the noun they modify.
(i) Sa bhliain sin, bhuaigh siad an Chorn `In that year, they won the Cup’
(ii) Bhuaigh siad an Chorn sa bhliain sin `They won the Cup in that year’
(iii) An teach sa chathair `The house in the city’
progressive aspectuals
The preposition ag is used with verbal nouns to form progressive aspectual phrases in Irish.
Tá sí ag rith ‘She is running’
Tá sí ag rith \n Is she at running
nmod(Tá, rith)
nsubj(Tá, sí)
case(rith, ag)
ownership/ state
Prepositions are also used in phrasal constructions to denote ownership or a state of being.
Tá airgead ag na daoine ‘The people have money’ (lit. Money is at the people)
Tá airgead ag na daoine \n Is pen at the people
nmod(Tá, daoine)
case(daoine, ag)
Tá brón ar an gcuairteoir `The visitor is sorry’ (lit. sorrow is on the visitor)
Tá brón ar an gcuairteoir \n Is sorrow on the visitor
nmod(Tá, gcuairteoir)
case(gcuairteoir, ar)
obliques
Oblique arguments are also labelled case.
Tá muintir Chorcaí an-mhíshásta le Fianna Fáil ‘The people of Cork are very unhappy with Fianna Fáil’
Tá muintir Chorcaí an-mhíshásta le Fianna_Fáil \n Be people Cork very_unhappy with Fianna_Fáil
nsubj(Tá, muintir)
compound(muintir, Chorcaí)
xcomp:pred(Tá, an-mhíshásta)
nmod(Tá, Fianna_Fáil)
case(Fianna_Fáil, le)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Irish)
This relation is universal.
There are 1 language-specific subtypes of case: case:voc.
1731 nodes (13%) are attached to their parents as case.
1727 instances of case (100%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.38821490467938.
The following 20 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/ADP (1542; 89% instances), ga-pos/PROPN-ga-pos/ADP (94; 5% instances), ga-pos/PRON-ga-pos/ADP (23; 1% instances), ga-pos/X-ga-pos/ADP (18; 1% instances), ga-pos/NUM-ga-pos/ADP (17; 1% instances), ga-pos/VERB-ga-pos/ADP (11; 1% instances), ga-pos/ADJ-ga-pos/ADP (5; 0% instances), ga-pos/PART-ga-pos/ADP (3; 0% instances), ga-pos/ADP-ga-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances), ga-pos/CCONJ-ga-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/PART (2; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/SCONJ (2; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/X (2; 0% instances), ga-pos/VERB-ga-pos/PART (2; 0% instances), ga-pos/ADV-ga-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/PRON-ga-pos/X (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/SCONJ-ga-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances).
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1 ' ' PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
2 Cén cé PRON Q Number=Sing|PronType=Int 0 root _ _
3 diabhal diabhal NOUN Noun Case=NomAcc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 xcomp:pred _ _
4 útamála útamáil NOUN Noun Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 3 compound _ _
5 atá bí VERB PresInd Mood=Ind|PronType=Rel|Tense=Pres 2 csubj:cleft _ _
6 ar ar ADP Simp _ 7 case _ _
7 siúl siúl NOUN Noun VerbForm=Inf 5 xcomp _ _
8 ansin ansin ADV Loc _ 5 advmod _ _
9 thíos thíos ADV Dir _ 5 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
10 ? ? PUNCT ? _ 2 punct _ _
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1 Limistéar limistéar NOUN Noun Case=NomAcc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
2 na na DET Art Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 3 det _ _
3 Meánmhara muir NOUN Noun Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 1 compound _ _
4 is is AUX Cop Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Cop 5 cop _ _
5 áit áit NOUN Noun Case=NomAcc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 1 ccomp _ _
6 dúcháis dúchas NOUN Noun Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 compound _ _
7 don do ADP Art Number=Sing|PronType=Art 9 case _ _
8 Rós Rós PROPN Noun Case=NomAcc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 compound _ _
9 Mhuire Muire PROPN Noun Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT . _ 1 punct _ _
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1 Cuimhní cuimhne NOUN Noun Case=NomAcc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 0 root _ _
2 ó ó ADP Simp _ 3 case _ _
3 áit áit NOUN Noun Case=NomAcc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 1 nmod _ _
4 éigin éigin ADJ Adj Case=NomAcc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 3 amod _ _
5 eile eile DET Det PronType=Dem 3 det _ SpaceAfter=No
6 , , PUNCT Punct _ 8 punct _ _
7 na na DET Art Definite=Def|Number=Plur|PronType=Art 8 det _ _
8 blianta bliain NOUN Noun Case=NomAcc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 1 appos _ _
9 fada fada ADJ Adj Degree=Pos 8 amod _ _
10 ó ó ADP Simp _ 11 case _ _
11 shin sin PRON Dem PronType=Dem 8 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
12 ? ? PUNCT ? _ 1 punct _ _
case in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]