case: case marking
The case relation is used for linking prepositions to their heads:
O văd pe Maria . \n Her see-I PE Mary . (I can see Mary.)
case(Maria, pe)
Pun cartea pe masă . \n Put-I book-the on table .
case(masă, pe)
When a preposition is used with non-finite verbs, it is analysed as mark:
Plecăm devreme pentru a nu întârzia . \n Leave-we early for to not be_late .
mark(întârzia, pentru)
Prepositions linking numerals to their nominal heads are dependents of the numerals.
30 de copii \n 30 of children
nummod(copii, 30)
case(30, de)
Compare this with numerals from 0 to 19 which take no preposition when modifying nouns:
3 copii \n 3 children
nummod(copii, 3)
Prepositions linking adverbs to their post-poned adjective or adverb heads are also mark on the modifying adverb:
incredibil de bun \n incredibly of good
advmod(bun, incredibil)
case(incredibil, de)
incredibil de bine \n incredibly of well
advmod(bine, incredibil)
case(incredibil, de)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Romanian)
This relation is universal.
24842 nodes (12%) are attached to their parents as case.
24351 instances of case (98%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.32585943160776.
The following 53 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: ro-pos/NOUN-ro-pos/ADP (20209; 81% instances), ro-pos/PRON-ro-pos/ADP (1314; 5% instances), ro-pos/PROPN-ro-pos/ADP (1248; 5% instances), ro-pos/NUM-ro-pos/ADP (772; 3% instances), ro-pos/ADV-ro-pos/ADP (425; 2% instances), ro-pos/NOUN-ro-pos/ADV (277; 1% instances), ro-pos/VERB-ro-pos/ADP (262; 1% instances), ro-pos/NOUN-ro-pos/SCONJ (70; 0% instances), ro-pos/DET-ro-pos/ADP (45; 0% instances), ro-pos/ADJ-ro-pos/ADP (37; 0% instances), ro-pos/NOUN-ro-pos/NOUN (31; 0% instances), ro-pos/PRON-ro-pos/ADV (25; 0% instances), ro-pos/ADP-ro-pos/ADP (20; 0% instances), ro-pos/PROPN-ro-pos/ADV (18; 0% instances), ro-pos/CCONJ-ro-pos/ADP (7; 0% instances), ro-pos/PRON-ro-pos/NOUN (7; 0% instances), ro-pos/X-ro-pos/ADP (7; 0% instances), ro-pos/NOUN-ro-pos/ADJ (5; 0% instances), ro-pos/ADV-ro-pos/ADV (4; 0% instances), ro-pos/NOUN-ro-pos/DET (4; 0% instances), ro-pos/NOUN-ro-pos/VERB (4; 0% instances), ro-pos/VERB-ro-pos/ADV (4; 0% instances), ro-pos/ADJ-ro-pos/ADV (3; 0% instances), ro-pos/DET-ro-pos/NOUN (3; 0% instances), ro-pos/NUM-ro-pos/NOUN (3; 0% instances), ro-pos/NUM-ro-pos/SCONJ (3; 0% instances), ro-pos/PRON-ro-pos/SCONJ (3; 0% instances), ro-pos/ADP-ro-pos/ADV (2; 0% instances), ro-pos/ADV-ro-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), ro-pos/ADV-ro-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), ro-pos/NOUN-ro-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), ro-pos/PROPN-ro-pos/SCONJ (2; 0% instances), ro-pos/SCONJ-ro-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), ro-pos/ADJ-ro-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/ADP-ro-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/ADV-ro-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/ADV-ro-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/INTJ-ro-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/NOUN-ro-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/NUM-ro-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/NUM-ro-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/PART-ro-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/PROPN-ro-pos/DET (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/PROPN-ro-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/PROPN-ro-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/PUNCT-ro-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/SCONJ-ro-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/SYM-ro-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/VERB-ro-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/VERB-ro-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/VERB-ro-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/VERB-ro-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), ro-pos/X-ro-pos/X (1; 0% instances).
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1 Cum cum ADV Rw PronType=Int,Rel 2 advmod _ _
2 puteai putea VERB Vmii2s Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
3 să să PART Qs Mood=Sub 4 mark _ _
4 comunici comunica VERB Vmip2s Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 ccomp _ _
5 cu cu ADP Spsa AdpType=Prep|Case=Acc 6 case _ _
6 viitorul viitor NOUN Ncmsry Case=Acc,Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
7 ? ? PUNCT QUEST _ 2 punct _ _
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1 Textul text NOUN Ncmsry Case=Acc,Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _
2 de de ADP Spsa AdpType=Prep|Case=Acc 3 case _ _
3 dedesubt dedesubt ADV Rgp Degree=Pos 1 advmod _ _
4 suna suna VERB Vmii3s Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
5 : : PUNCT COLON _ 4 punct _ _
6 FRATELE frate NOUN Ncmsry Case=Acc,Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 nsubj _ _
7 CEL acela PRON Pd3msr Case=Acc,Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Dem 8 det _ _
8 MARE mare ADJ Afpms-n Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 amod _ _
9 ESTE fi VERB Vmip3s Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 parataxis _ _
10 CU cu ADP Spsa AdpType=Prep|Case=Acc 9 fixed _ _
11 OCHII ochi NOUN Ncmpry Case=Acc,Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 9 fixed _ _
12 PE pe ADP Spsa AdpType=Prep|Case=Acc 13 case _ _
13 TINE tu PRON Pp2-sa--------s Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Strength=Strong 9 nmod:pmod _ SpaceAfter=No
14 . . PUNCT PERIOD _ 4 punct _ _
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1 Stăpâniți stăpâni VERB Vmm-2p Mood=Imp|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
2 -o el PRON Pp3fsa--y-----w Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Strength=Weak|Variant=Short 1 expl _ _
3 pe pe ADP Spsa AdpType=Prep|Case=Acc 4 case _ _
4 Joiana Joiana PROPN Np _ 1 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
5 , , PUNCT COMMA _ 6 punct _ _
6 voi tu PRON Pp2-pr--------s Case=Acc,Nom|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Strength=Strong 1 vocative _ SpaceAfter=No
7 , , PUNCT COMMA _ 8 punct _ _
8 băieți băiat NOUN Ncmp-n Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 6 appos _ SpaceAfter=No
9 , , PUNCT COMMA _ 8 punct _ _
10 când când ADV Rw PronType=Int,Rel 14 advmod _ _
11 n- nu PART Qz-y Polarity=Neg|Variant=Short 14 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
12 oi vrea AUX Va--2s Number=Sing|Person=2 14 aux _ _
13 mai mai ADV Rp _ 14 advmod _ _
14 fi fi VERB Vmnp Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf 1 advcl _ SpaceAfter=No
15 . . PUNCT PERIOD _ 1 punct _ _
case in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]