case: case marking
In Japanese, case markers are particles attaching to a noun phrase. The particles are tagged as “ADP” in UD Japanese.
Typical case markers are as follows:
- が / ga for nominative
- を / o for accusative
- に / ni for dative, locative etc.
- の / no for genitive
- へ / e for locative etc.
太郎 が 東京 へ 行く 。\n Taro NOM Tokyo TO go .
case(太郎, が)
case(東京, へ)
nsubj(行く, 太郎)
nmod(行く, 東京)
太郎 の 家 \n Taro OF house
case(太郎, の)
nmod(家, 太郎)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Japanese)
This relation is universal.
38444 nodes (22%) are attached to their parents as case.
38444 instances of case (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.27075746540422.
The following 15 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/ADP (27997; 73% instances), ja-pos/PROPN-ja-pos/ADP (3982; 10% instances), ja-pos/VERB-ja-pos/ADP (2154; 6% instances), ja-pos/NUM-ja-pos/ADP (1992; 5% instances), ja-pos/PRON-ja-pos/ADP (972; 3% instances), ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/PART (510; 1% instances), ja-pos/ADJ-ja-pos/ADP (417; 1% instances), ja-pos/PROPN-ja-pos/PART (148; 0% instances), ja-pos/ADV-ja-pos/ADP (83; 0% instances), ja-pos/VERB-ja-pos/PART (76; 0% instances), ja-pos/ADV-ja-pos/PART (75; 0% instances), ja-pos/NUM-ja-pos/PART (15; 0% instances), ja-pos/PRON-ja-pos/PART (13; 0% instances), ja-pos/ADJ-ja-pos/PART (8; 0% instances), ja-pos/CCONJ-ja-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances).
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 6 case color:blue
1 ただし ただし CCONJ _ _ 18 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
2 、 、 PUNCT _ _ 1 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
3 50 50 NUM _ NumType=Card 5 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No
4 周年 周年 NOUN _ _ 5 compound _ SpaceAfter=No
5 ソング ソング NOUN _ _ 18 iobj _ SpaceAfter=No
6 に に ADP _ _ 5 case _ SpaceAfter=No
7 変更 変更 NOUN _ _ 8 compound _ SpaceAfter=No
8 後 後 NOUN _ _ 18 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
9 は は ADP _ _ 8 case _ SpaceAfter=No
10 、 、 PUNCT _ _ 8 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
11 ED ED PROPN _ _ 18 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
12 も も ADP _ _ 11 case _ SpaceAfter=No
13 歌 歌 NOUN _ _ 14 compound _ SpaceAfter=No
14 つき つき NOUN _ _ 16 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
15 の の ADP _ _ 14 case _ SpaceAfter=No
16 もの もの NOUN _ _ 18 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
17 が が ADP _ _ 16 case _ SpaceAfter=No
18 使わ 使う VERB _ _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
19 れ れる AUX _ _ 18 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
20 た た AUX _ _ 18 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
21 。 。 PUNCT _ _ 18 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
# visual-style 12 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 12 fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11 fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 12 case color:blue
1 ただし ただし CCONJ _ _ 18 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
2 、 、 PUNCT _ _ 1 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
3 50 50 NUM _ NumType=Card 5 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No
4 周年 周年 NOUN _ _ 5 compound _ SpaceAfter=No
5 ソング ソング NOUN _ _ 18 iobj _ SpaceAfter=No
6 に に ADP _ _ 5 case _ SpaceAfter=No
7 変更 変更 NOUN _ _ 8 compound _ SpaceAfter=No
8 後 後 NOUN _ _ 18 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
9 は は ADP _ _ 8 case _ SpaceAfter=No
10 、 、 PUNCT _ _ 8 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
11 ED ED PROPN _ _ 18 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
12 も も ADP _ _ 11 case _ SpaceAfter=No
13 歌 歌 NOUN _ _ 14 compound _ SpaceAfter=No
14 つき つき NOUN _ _ 16 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
15 の の ADP _ _ 14 case _ SpaceAfter=No
16 もの もの NOUN _ _ 18 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
17 が が ADP _ _ 16 case _ SpaceAfter=No
18 使わ 使う VERB _ _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
19 れ れる AUX _ _ 18 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
20 た た AUX _ _ 18 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
21 。 。 PUNCT _ _ 18 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
# visual-style 13 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 9 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 9 13 case color:blue
1 私 私 PRON _ _ 3 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
2 は は ADP _ _ 1 case _ SpaceAfter=No
3 初めて 初めて ADV _ _ 17 acl _ SpaceAfter=No
4 だっ だ AUX _ _ 3 cop _ SpaceAfter=No
5 た た AUX _ _ 3 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
6 ん ん PART _ _ 3 mark _ SpaceAfter=No
7 だ だ AUX _ _ 3 cop _ SpaceAfter=No
8 けど けど SCONJ _ _ 3 mark _ SpaceAfter=No
9 思っ 思う VERB _ _ 17 acl _ SpaceAfter=No
10 て て SCONJ _ _ 9 mark _ SpaceAfter=No
11 い いる AUX _ _ 9 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
12 た た AUX _ _ 9 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
13 より より ADP _ _ 9 case _ SpaceAfter=No
14 も も ADP _ _ 9 case _ SpaceAfter=No
15 魚 魚 NOUN _ _ 17 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
16 は は ADP _ _ 15 case _ SpaceAfter=No
17 新鮮 新鮮 ADJ _ _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
18 でし だ AUX _ _ 17 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
19 た た AUX _ _ 17 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
20 。 。 PUNCT _ _ 17 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
Treebank Statistics (UD_Japanese-KTC)
This relation is universal.
39577 nodes (21%) are attached to their parents as case.
39430 instances of case (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.47550344897289.
The following 25 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/ADP (33990; 86% instances), ja-pos/PROPN-ja-pos/ADP (1784; 5% instances), ja-pos/VERB-ja-pos/ADP (1496; 4% instances), ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/PART (908; 2% instances), ja-pos/PRON-ja-pos/ADP (594; 2% instances), ja-pos/ADJ-ja-pos/ADP (170; 0% instances), ja-pos/PRON-ja-pos/PART (147; 0% instances), ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/NOUN (112; 0% instances), ja-pos/VERB-ja-pos/PART (106; 0% instances), ja-pos/NUM-ja-pos/ADP (67; 0% instances), ja-pos/CONJ-ja-pos/ADP (66; 0% instances), ja-pos/PROPN-ja-pos/PART (53; 0% instances), ja-pos/ADV-ja-pos/ADP (25; 0% instances), ja-pos/ADJ-ja-pos/PART (15; 0% instances), ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/PRON (8; 0% instances), ja-pos/ADJ-ja-pos/NOUN (7; 0% instances), ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/PROPN (7; 0% instances), ja-pos/CONJ-ja-pos/PART (5; 0% instances), ja-pos/INTJ-ja-pos/ADP (4; 0% instances), ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/VERB (4; 0% instances), ja-pos/NUM-ja-pos/PART (3; 0% instances), ja-pos/ADV-ja-pos/PART (2; 0% instances), ja-pos/PROPN-ja-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), ja-pos/ADJ-ja-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 3 case color:blue
1 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 2 compound _ Offset=0-3
2 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 6 nsubj _ Offset=3-4
3 _ _ ADP ADP _ 2 case _ Offset=4-5
4 _ _ ADJ ADJ _ 6 iobj _ Offset=5-8
5 _ だ AUX AUX _ 4 aux _ Offset=8-9
6 _ 為る VERB VERB _ 0 root _ Offset=9-10
7 _ _ AUX AUX _ 6 aux _ Offset=10-11
8 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 6 punct _ Offset=11-12
# visual-style 9 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 9 case color:blue
1 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 31 nmod _ Offset=0-4
2 _ _ ADP ADP _ 1 case _ Offset=4-5
3 _ 因る VERB VERB _ 2 mwe _ Offset=5-7
4 _ _ SCONJ SCONJ _ 2 mwe _ Offset=7-8
5 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 1 punct _ Offset=8-9
6 _ _ NUM NUM _ 7 nummod _ Offset=9-10
7 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 13 nmod _ Offset=10-11
8 _ モスクワ-Moskva PROPN PROPN _ 13 nmod _ Offset=11-15
9 _ _ ADP ADP _ 8 case _ Offset=15-16
10 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 11 compound _ Offset=16-18
11 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 13 dobj _ Offset=18-20
12 _ _ ADP ADP _ 11 case _ Offset=20-21
13 _ _ VERB VERB _ 18 acl _ Offset=21-23
14 _ 為る AUX AUX _ 13 aux _ Offset=23-24
15 _ _ AUX AUX _ 13 aux _ Offset=24-25
16 _ グラチョフ-外国 PROPN PROPN _ 18 compound _ Offset=25-30
17 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 18 compound _ Offset=30-32
18 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 28 nsubj _ Offset=32-33
19 _ _ ADP ADP _ 18 case _ Offset=33-34
20 _ モスクワ-Moskva PROPN PROPN _ 21 compound _ Offset=34-38
21 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 23 dobj _ Offset=38-40
22 _ _ ADP ADP _ 21 case _ Offset=40-41
23 _ _ VERB VERB _ 28 advcl _ Offset=41-43
24 _ 為る AUX AUX _ 23 aux _ Offset=43-44
25 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 23 punct _ Offset=44-45
26 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 28 iobj _ Offset=45-47
27 _ _ ADP ADP _ 26 case _ Offset=47-48
28 _ 留まる VERB VERB _ 31 acl _ Offset=48-52
29 _ _ SCONJ SCONJ _ 28 mark _ Offset=52-53
30 _ 居る AUX AUX _ 28 aux _ Offset=53-55
31 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 0 root _ Offset=55-57
32 _ _ AUX AUX _ 31 cop _ Offset=57-58
33 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 31 punct _ Offset=58-59
# visual-style 11 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 8 11 case color:blue
1 _ _ NUM NUM _ 2 nummod _ Offset=0-1
2 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 8 nsubj _ Offset=1-2
3 _ _ ADP ADP _ 2 case _ Offset=2-3
4 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 8 dobj _ Offset=3-5
5 _ _ ADP ADP _ 4 case _ Offset=5-6
6 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 7 compound _ Offset=6-8
7 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 8 dep _ Offset=8-10
8 _ 為る VERB VERB _ 12 iobj _ Offset=10-11
9 _ _ SCONJ SCONJ _ 8 mark _ Offset=11-12
10 _ 居る AUX AUX _ 8 aux _ Offset=12-14
11 _ _ ADP ADP _ 8 case _ Offset=14-15
12 _ 言う VERB VERB _ 0 root _ Offset=15-17
13 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 12 punct _ Offset=17-18
case in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]