case: case marking
The case relation is used for any preposition in English. Prepositions are treated as dependents of the noun they attach to or introduce in an “extended nominal projection”. Thus, contrary to SD, UD abandons treating a preposition as a mediator between a modified word and its object. The case relation aims at providing a uniform analysis of prepositions and case in morphologically rich languages. In English, subordinating conjunctions introducing clauses are often in the form of prepositions. However, they are given a different dependency: The relation mark is used for markers in an “extended clausal projection”.
The case relation is also used for the possessive clitic ‘s in English, which we separate from what it modifies, because it acts as a phrasal clitic, as shown in the last example.
I saw a cat in a hat
case(hat, in)
I saw a cat with a telescope
case(telescope, with)
He is responsible for meals
case(meals, for)
The school 's grounds
case(school, 's)
The head of school 's speech
case(head, 's)
case(school, of)
nmod(speech, head)
Treebank Statistics (UD_English)
This relation is universal.
19461 nodes (8%) are attached to their parents as case.
18641 instances of case (96%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.0255896408201.
The following 54 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADP (12475; 64% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADP (3515; 18% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADP (1205; 6% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/PART (502; 3% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/ADP (396; 2% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PART (250; 1% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADP (230; 1% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/VERB (158; 1% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/ADP (107; 1% instances), en-pos/DET-en-pos/ADP (94; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/ADV (79; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/SYM (75; 0% instances), en-pos/SYM-en-pos/ADP (66; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/SCONJ (60; 0% instances), en-pos/X-en-pos/ADP (38; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/VERB (30; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/SYM (25; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADJ (20; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADV (18; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/PART (14; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADJ (13; 0% instances), en-pos/ADP-en-pos/ADP (11; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/SCONJ (11; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/SCONJ (7; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/SCONJ (5; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/VERB (5; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/NOUN (4; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/X (4; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/PUNCT (4; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/ADJ (3; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/ADV (3; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADV (3; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/SYM (3; 0% instances), en-pos/SYM-en-pos/SYM (3; 0% instances), en-pos/CCONJ-en-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances), en-pos/INTJ-en-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PUNCT (2; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/NUM (2; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/SYM (1; 0% instances), en-pos/DET-en-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/DET-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/DET (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/X-en-pos/X (1; 0% instances).
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1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _
2 US US PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 compound _ _
3 troops troops NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _
4 fired fire VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
5 into into ADP IN _ 8 case _ _
6 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 8 det _ _
7 hostile hostile ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ _
8 crowd crowd NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
9 , , PUNCT , _ 4 punct _ _
10 killing kill VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 4 advcl _ _
11 4 4 NUM CD NumType=Card 10 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _
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1 From from ADP IN _ 3 case _ _
2 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _
3 AP AP PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 obl _ _
4 comes come VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
5 this this DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 6 det _ _
6 story story NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _
7 : : PUNCT : _ 4 punct _ _
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1 max max PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _
2 and and CCONJ CC _ 3 cc _ _
3 jen jen PROPN NNP Number=Sing 1 conj _ _
4 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 aux _ _
5 looking look VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _
6 for for ADP IN _ 7 case _ _
7 you you PRON PRP Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs 5 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_English-ESL)
This relation is universal.
7578 nodes (9%) are attached to their parents as case.
7420 instances of case (98%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.81710213776722.
The following 34 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADP (5484; 72% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADP (802; 11% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADP (615; 8% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/ADP (145; 2% instances), en-pos/DET-en-pos/ADP (139; 2% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PART (102; 1% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADP (51; 1% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/ADP (43; 1% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/VERB (42; 1% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/PART (32; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADJ (24; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADP (21; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADV (15; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/ADV (11; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/PROPN (8; 0% instances), en-pos/SYM-en-pos/ADP (7; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/PART (5; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/DET (4; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/SCONJ (4; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADV (4; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADV (4; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/SCONJ (2; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/ADV (2; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADP-en-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), en-pos/INTJ-en-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/X-en-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances).
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1 _ _ SCONJ IN _ 4 mark _ _
2 _ _ DET DT _ 3 det _ _
3 _ _ NOUN NN _ 4 nsubj _ _
4 _ _ VERB VBD _ 7 advcl _ _
5 _ _ PUNCT , _ 7 punct _ _
6 _ _ PRON PRP _ 7 nsubj _ _
7 _ _ VERB VBD _ 0 root _ _
8 _ _ DET DT _ 9 det _ _
9 _ _ NOUN NN _ 7 dobj _ _
10 _ _ ADP IN _ 11 case _ _
11 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 7 nmod _ _
12 _ _ CONJ CC _ 7 cc _ _
13 _ _ PRON PRP _ 14 nsubj _ _
14 _ _ VERB VBD _ 7 conj _ _
15 _ _ DET DT _ 16 det _ _
16 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 14 dobj _ _
17 _ _ ADP IN _ 18 case _ _
18 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 14 nmod _ _
19 _ _ PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _
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1 _ _ CONJ CC _ 3 cc _ _
2 _ _ PRON PRP _ 3 nsubj _ _
3 _ _ NOUN NN _ 0 root _ _
4 _ _ PRON DT _ 3 dobj _ _
5 _ _ PUNCT , _ 3 punct _ _
6 _ _ SCONJ IN _ 9 mark _ _
7 _ _ PRON PRP _ 9 expl _ _
8 _ _ VERB VBZ _ 9 cop _ _
9 _ _ ADJ JJR _ 3 advcl _ _
10 _ _ PRON NN _ 11 dobj _ _
11 _ _ VERB VBG _ 9 csubj _ _
12 _ _ SCONJ IN _ 13 mark _ _
13 _ _ VERB VBG _ 9 advcl _ _
14 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 13 dobj _ _
15 _ _ ADP IN _ 16 case _ _
16 _ _ PRON NN _ 13 nmod _ _
17 _ _ PRON WDT _ 18 nsubj _ _
18 _ _ VERB VB _ 16 acl:relcl _ _
19 _ _ PRON PRP _ 18 dobj _ _
20 _ _ VERB VB _ 18 xcomp _ _
21 _ _ PRON NN _ 20 dobj _ _
22 _ _ PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _
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1 _ _ ADV RB _ 5 advmod _ _
2 _ _ PUNCT , _ 5 punct _ _
3 _ _ PRON PRP _ 5 nsubj _ _
4 _ _ AUX MD _ 5 aux _ _
5 _ _ VERB VB _ 0 root _ _
6 _ _ PART TO _ 7 mark _ _
7 _ _ VERB VB _ 5 xcomp _ _
8 _ _ PRON PRP _ 7 dobj _ _
9 _ _ ADV WRB _ 7 ccomp _ _
10 _ _ DET DT _ 11 det _ _
11 _ _ NOUN NN _ 9 nsubj _ _
12 _ _ AUX MD _ 9 aux _ _
13 _ _ VERB VB _ 9 cop _ _
14 _ _ ADP IN _ 15 case _ _
15 _ _ PROPN NNP _ 9 nmod _ _
16 _ _ CONJ CC _ 13 cc _ _
17 _ _ DET WDT _ 18 det _ _
18 _ _ NOUN NN _ 22 dobj _ _
19 _ _ ADP IN _ 20 case _ _
20 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 18 nmod _ _
21 _ _ PRON PRP _ 22 nsubj _ _
22 _ _ VERB VBP _ 13 conj _ _
23 _ _ PART TO _ 24 mark _ _
24 _ _ VERB VB _ 22 xcomp _ _
25 _ _ PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_English-LinES)
This relation is universal.
6761 nodes (10%) are attached to their parents as case.
6469 instances of case (96%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.9871320810531.
The following 16 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADP (4909; 73% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADP (598; 9% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADP (459; 7% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADP (290; 4% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/PART (146; 2% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADP (109; 2% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PART (107; 2% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/ADP (73; 1% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/ADP (38; 1% instances), en-pos/ADP-en-pos/ADP (14; 0% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/ADP (10; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/PART (2; 0% instances), en-pos/SYM-en-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances), en-pos/X-en-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances), en-pos/INTJ-en-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PART-en-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances).
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1 The _ DET DEF _ 4 det _ _
2 SQL _ PROPN SG-NOM _ 3 compound _ _
3 Server _ NOUN SG-NOM _ 4 compound _ _
4 database _ NOUN SG-NOM _ 7 nsubj _ _
5 must _ AUX PRES-AUX _ 7 aux _ _
6 be _ AUX INF _ 7 aux _ _
7 running _ VERB ING _ 0 root _ _
8 on _ ADP _ _ 12 case _ _
9 a _ DET IND-SG _ 12 det _ _
10 Windows _ PROPN SG-NOM _ 12 compound _ _
11 NT _ PROPN SG-NOM _ 10 flat _ _
12 platform _ NOUN SG-NOM _ 7 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . _ PUNCT Period _ 7 punct _ _
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1 Conditional _ ADJ POS _ 2 amod _ _
2 filters _ NOUN PL-NOM _ 4 nsubj _ _
3 are _ AUX PRES _ 4 cop _ _
4 independent _ ADJ POS _ 0 root _ _
5 of _ ADP _ _ 6 case _ _
6 each _ PRON RCP-SG-ACC _ 4 nmod _ _
7 other _ PRON RCP-SG-ACC _ 6 fixed _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . _ PUNCT Period _ 4 punct _ _
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1 About _ ADP _ _ 2 case _ _
2 XML _ PROPN SG-NOM _ 0 root _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_English-ParTUT)
This relation is universal.
4515 nodes (12%) are attached to their parents as case.
4182 instances of case (93%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.02281284606866.
The following 24 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADP (3344; 74% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADP (402; 9% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/PART (180; 4% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADP (162; 4% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PART (143; 3% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/ADP (126; 3% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADP (47; 1% instances), en-pos/SYM-en-pos/ADP (22; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/ADP (17; 0% instances), en-pos/X-en-pos/ADP (17; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADP (12; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/VERB (10; 0% instances), en-pos/DET-en-pos/ADP (8; 0% instances), en-pos/SCONJ-en-pos/ADP (8; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/X (5; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADV (2; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/SCONJ (2; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/X (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/X (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances).
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1 The the DET RD Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _
2 work work NOUN S Number=Sing 4 nsubj:pass _ _
3 is be AUX VA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 aux:pass _ _
4 protected protect VERB V Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _
5 by by ADP E _ 6 case _ _
6 copyright copyright NOUN S Number=Sing 4 obl:agent _ _
7 and and CCONJ CC _ 12 cc _ SpaceAfter=No
8 / / PUNCT FF _ 9 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
9 or or CCONJ CC _ 7 conj _ _
10 other other ADJ A Degree=Pos 12 amod _ _
11 applicable applicable ADJ A Degree=Pos 12 amod _ _
12 law law NOUN S Number=Sing 6 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . . PUNCT FS _ 4 punct _ _
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1 What what PRON PQ PronType=Int 0 root _ _
2 is be AUX VA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 1 cop _ _
3 the the DET RD Definite=Def|PronType=Art 5 det _ _
4 minimum minimum ADJ A Degree=Pos 5 amod _ _
5 age age NOUN S Number=Sing 1 nsubj _ _
6 required require VERB V Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 5 acl _ _
7 to to PART PART _ 8 mark _ _
8 sign sign VERB V VerbForm=Inf 6 ccomp _ _
9 up up ADP E _ 8 compound:prt _ _
10 for for ADP E _ 11 case _ _
11 Facebook Facebook PROPN SP _ 8 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
12 ? ? PUNCT FS _ 1 punct _ _
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1 Closing close VERB V Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _
2 Africa Africa PROPN SP _ 6 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
3 's 's PART PART _ 2 case _ _
4 Agricultural agricultural ADJ A Degree=Pos 5 amod _ _
5 Gender gender NOUN S Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _
6 Gap gap NOUN S Number=Sing 1 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
7 . . PUNCT FS _ 1 punct _ _
case in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]