case: case marking
The case relation is used for any preposition in French. Prepositions are treated as dependents of the noun they attach to or introduce in an “extended nominal projection”. Thus, UD does not treat a preposition as a mediator between a modified word and its object. The case relation aims at providing a uniform analysis of prepositions and case in morphologically rich languages.
Taxation individuelle de rentrée salariale \n Individual taxation of employment income
case(rentrée, de)
En attendant , asseyez-vous ici \n While waiting, seat down here
case(attendant, En)
Here are a few examples from FrenchSpoken with the relation case:
je travaille dans le privé là \n I currently work in the private sector
case(privé, dans)
un rassemblement devant le ministère de l' enseignement supérieur \n a gathering in front of the Ministry of Higher Education
case(ministère, devant)
case(enseignement, de)
For complex prepositions, FrenchSpoken uses the case:complex relation.
Treebank Statistics (UD_French)
This relation is universal.
57305 nodes (15%) are attached to their parents as case.
57267 instances of case (100%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.71344559811535.
The following 48 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/ADP (39537; 69% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/ADP (12306; 21% instances), fr-pos/NUM-fr-pos/ADP (2745; 5% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/ADP (1005; 2% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/ADV (400; 1% instances), fr-pos/ADV-fr-pos/ADP (281; 0% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/ADP (213; 0% instances), fr-pos/SYM-fr-pos/ADP (199; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/NOUN (136; 0% instances), fr-pos/X-fr-pos/ADP (80; 0% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/ADP (78; 0% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/ADV (64; 0% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/PROPN (47; 0% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/NOUN (31; 0% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/ADV (30; 0% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/ADJ (24; 0% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/PART (20; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/ADJ (17; 0% instances), fr-pos/ADP-fr-pos/ADP (13; 0% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/PRON (13; 0% instances), fr-pos/DET-fr-pos/ADP (8; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/PRON (7; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/PART (5; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/VERB (5; 0% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/NOUN (5; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/DET (3; 0% instances), fr-pos/PUNCT-fr-pos/ADP (3; 0% instances), fr-pos/ADV-fr-pos/ADV (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/AUX (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/X (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/NUM-fr-pos/SYM (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/NUM-fr-pos/X (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/X (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/SYM-fr-pos/SYM (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/ADJ (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/ADV (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/CCONJ-fr-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/NUM-fr-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/NUM-fr-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/PART-fr-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/SYM-fr-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/SYM-fr-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 5 case color:blue
1 Aviator Aviator PROPN _ _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
2 , , PUNCT _ _ 1 punct _ _
3 un un DET _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 4 det _ _
4 film film NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 appos _ _
5 sur sur ADP _ _ 7 case _ _
6 la le DET _ Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 7 det _ _
7 vie vie NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _
8 de de ADP _ _ 9 case _ _
9 Hughes Hughes PROPN _ _ 7 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT _ _ 1 punct _ _
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# visual-style 9 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 9 8 case color:blue
1 Aviator Aviator PROPN _ _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
2 , , PUNCT _ _ 1 punct _ _
3 un un DET _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 4 det _ _
4 film film NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 appos _ _
5 sur sur ADP _ _ 7 case _ _
6 la le DET _ Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 7 det _ _
7 vie vie NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _
8 de de ADP _ _ 9 case _ _
9 Hughes Hughes PROPN _ _ 7 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT _ _ 1 punct _ _
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# visual-style 11 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 11 10 case color:blue
1 Ce ce PRON _ Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Dem 4 nsubj _ _
2 sont être AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 cop _ _
3 des un DET _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art 4 det _ _
4 virus virus NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 0 root _ _
5 de de ADP _ _ 7 case _ _
6 petite petit ADJ _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 7 amod _ _
7 taille taille NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _
8 ( ( PUNCT _ _ 12 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
9 20 20 NUM _ _ 12 nummod _ _
10 à à ADP _ _ 11 case _ _
11 30 30 NUM _ _ 9 nmod _ _
12 nm nm NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 7 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
13 ) ) PUNCT _ _ 12 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
14 . . PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_French-ParTUT)
This relation is universal.
2567 nodes (14%) are attached to their parents as case.
2564 instances of case (100%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.79548110634982.
The following 19 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/ADP (2253; 88% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/ADP (113; 4% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/ADP (66; 3% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/ADP (38; 1% instances), fr-pos/ADV-fr-pos/ADP (24; 1% instances), fr-pos/NUM-fr-pos/ADP (17; 1% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/ADV (16; 1% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/ADP (15; 1% instances), fr-pos/DET-fr-pos/ADP (6; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/PRON (4; 0% instances), fr-pos/SYM-fr-pos/ADP (4; 0% instances), fr-pos/SCONJ-fr-pos/ADP (3; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/DET (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/X-fr-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances).
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# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 6 4 case color:blue
1 2 2 NUM N NumType=Card 3 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No
2 ) ) PUNCT FF _ 1 punct _ _
3 Exceptions Exceptions PROPN SP _ 0 root _ _
4 à à ADP E _ 6 case _ _
5 les le DET RD Definite=Def|Number=Plur|PronType=Art 6 det _ _
6 droits droit NOUN S Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 3 nmod _ _
7 exclusifs exclusifs ADJ A Number=Plur 6 amod _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT FS _ 3 punct _ _
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# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 6 5 case color:blue
1 Combien combien ADV B _ 2 advmod _ _
2 coûte coûter VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
3 l' le DET RD Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 4 det _ SpaceAfter=No
4 inscription inscription NOUN S Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _
5 à à ADP E _ 6 case _ _
6 Facebook Facebook PROPN SP _ 4 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
7 ? ? PUNCT FS _ 2 punct _ _
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# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 6 5 case color:blue
1 Et et CCONJ CC _ 4 cc _ _
2 je je PRON PE Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 4 nsubj _ _
3 vais aller AUX VA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 aux _ _
4 commencer commencer VERB V VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _
5 par par ADP E _ 6 case _ _
6 celui-ci celui-ci PRON PD Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Dem 4 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
7 : : PUNCT FC _ 4 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_French-Sequoia)
This relation is universal.
8366 nodes (14%) are attached to their parents as case.
8365 instances of case (100%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.81078173559646.
The following 16 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/ADP (6780; 81% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/ADP (1166; 14% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/ADP (176; 2% instances), fr-pos/NUM-fr-pos/ADP (119; 1% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/ADV (42; 1% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/NOUN (30; 0% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/ADP (14; 0% instances), fr-pos/DET-fr-pos/ADP (13; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/PRON (13; 0% instances), fr-pos/ADV-fr-pos/ADP (4; 0% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/SCONJ (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/ADV (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/X-fr-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/ADP-fr-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 7 5 case color:blue
1 Ouverture ouverture NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
2 tous tout ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 4 amod _ _
3 les le DET _ Definite=Def|Number=Plur|PronType=Art 4 det _ _
4 jours jour NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 1 nmod _ _
5 sauf sauf ADP _ _ 7 case _ _
6 le le DET _ Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 7 det _ _
7 lundi lundi NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _
8 de de ADP _ _ 10 case _ _
9 14 14 NUM _ NumType=Card 10 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No
10 h h NOUN _ _ 1 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
11 30 30 NUM _ NumType=Card 10 nummod _ _
12 à à ADP _ _ 14 case _ _
13 18 18 NUM _ NumType=Card 14 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No
14 h h NOUN _ _ 1 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
15 . . PUNCT _ _ 1 punct _ _
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# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 6 5 case color:blue
1 L' le DET _ Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 2 det _ SpaceAfter=No
2 EBM EBM PROPN _ Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _
3 s' le/lui PRON _ Person=3|Reflex=Yes 4 expl _ SpaceAfter=No
4 inclina incliner VERB _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
5 devant devant ADP _ _ 6 case _ _
6 Joeuf Joeuf PROPN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 obl _ _
7 par par ADP _ _ 8 case _ _
8 70-61 70-61 NOUN _ NumType=Card 4 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
9 . . PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ _
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# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 8 7 case color:blue
1 Puis pouvoir AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
2 -je il PRON _ Number=Sing|Person=1 3 nsubj _ _
3 savoir savoir VERB _ VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _
4 à à ADP _ _ 6 case _ _
5 la le DET _ Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 6 det _ _
6 demande demande NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 3 obj _ _
7 de de ADP _ _ 8 case _ _
8 qui qui PRON _ PronType=Int 6 nmod _ _
9 et et CCONJ _ _ 12 cc _ _
10 pour pour ADP _ _ 12 case _ _
11 quels quel DET _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Int 12 det _ _
12 motifs motif NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 6 conj _ _
13 ? ? PUNCT _ _ 3 punct _ _
case in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]