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PRON: pronoun

Definition

Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases, whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context.

Specializations of pronouns correspond to different language specific PoS leading to different values for the PronType feature.

Correspondance between language specific PoS and PronTypes

Note: the PronType=Clit feature is specific for Italian.

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)

There are 102 PRON lemmas (1%), 153 PRON types (1%) and 10773 PRON tokens (4%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of PRON is: 8 in number of lemmas, 9 in number of types and 10 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PRON lemmas: si, che, lo, ci, chi, quello, cui, quale, ne, questo

The 10 most frequent PRON types: si, che, chi, ci, cui, lo, ne, qual, mi, quanto

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: che (PRON 2226, SCONJ 1230, DET 236, ADP 32, CCONJ 30), lo (PRON 577, DET 4, X 1, PROPN 1, NOUN 1), quello (PRON 381, DET 140), cui (PRON 354, DET 40), quale (DET 490, PRON 308, ADP 19, ADV 5, SCONJ 2), questo (DET 722, PRON 231), tutto (DET 403, PRON 221, ADJ 11, ADV 10, NOUN 4), uno (DET 4396, PRON 209, NUM 41, ADJ 2), quanto (PRON 178, DET 172, ADV 74, ADP 5, SCONJ 4, CCONJ 1), altro (ADJ 395, PRON 180, DET 78, NOUN 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: che (PRON 2204, SCONJ 1222, DET 89, ADP 32, CCONJ 30), cui (PRON 354, DET 40), lo (DET 585, PRON 315), ne (PRON 256, ADP 5), qual (PRON 4, SCONJ 1), quanto (PRON 98, ADV 52, ADP 5, DET 3, SCONJ 3, CCONJ 1), quale (DET 237, PRON 131, ADP 10, SCONJ 1), quello (PRON 139, DET 2), uno (PRON 130, DET 106, NUM 9), la (DET 8350, PRON 122, X 2)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PRON is 1.500000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.485733).

The 1st highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “lo”: gli, l’, la, le, li, lo.

The 2nd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “il”: Gli, l’, le, lo, l’.

The 3rd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “poco”: po’, poche, pochi, pochissimi, poco.

PRON occurs with 7 features: it-feat/PronType (10772; 100% instances), it-feat/Number (4667; 43% instances), it-feat/Clitic (4467; 41% instances), it-feat/Person (4431; 41% instances), it-feat/Gender (2921; 27% instances), it-feat/Poss (30; 0% instances), it-feat/Definite (2; 0% instances)

PRON occurs with 16 feature-value pairs: Clitic=Yes, Definite=Def, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Poss=Yes, PronType=Art, PronType=Dem, PronType=Ind, PronType=Int, PronType=Prs, PronType=Rel

PRON occurs with 64 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is PronType=Rel (2605 tokens). Examples: che, cui, chi, quale, quanto, quali, dove, chiunque, quando, come

Relations

PRON nodes are attached to their parents using 24 different relations: it-dep/nsubj (2813; 26% instances), it-dep/expl (2073; 19% instances), it-dep/obj (1522; 14% instances), it-dep/obl (1178; 11% instances), it-dep/iobj (664; 6% instances), it-dep/root (662; 6% instances), it-dep/nmod (481; 4% instances), it-dep/expl:impers (403; 4% instances), it-dep/expl:pass (363; 3% instances), it-dep/nsubj:pass (282; 3% instances), it-dep/conj (178; 2% instances), it-dep/obl:agent (42; 0% instances), it-dep/appos (31; 0% instances), it-dep/xcomp (23; 0% instances), it-dep/ccomp (16; 0% instances), it-dep/advcl (13; 0% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (9; 0% instances), it-dep/dislocated (7; 0% instances), it-dep/fixed (6; 0% instances), it-dep/orphan (2; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (2; 0% instances), it-dep/acl (1; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances), it-dep/mark (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PRON nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: VERB (8791; 82% instances), NOUN (734; 7% instances), ROOT (662; 6% instances), ADJ (336; 3% instances), PRON (129; 1% instances), PROPN (47; 0% instances), ADV (37; 0% instances), AUX (14; 0% instances), NUM (12; 0% instances), ADP (10; 0% instances), DET (1; 0% instances)

7563 (70%) PRON nodes are leaves.

1455 (14%) PRON nodes have one child.

804 (7%) PRON nodes have two children.

951 (9%) PRON nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PRON node is 11.

Children of PRON nodes are attached using 30 different relations: it-dep/case (1555; 24% instances), it-dep/punct (1085; 17% instances), it-dep/cop (667; 10% instances), it-dep/nsubj (643; 10% instances), it-dep/det (549; 9% instances), it-dep/nmod (515; 8% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (421; 7% instances), it-dep/advmod (205; 3% instances), it-dep/cc (182; 3% instances), it-dep/amod (142; 2% instances), it-dep/conj (128; 2% instances), it-dep/acl (113; 2% instances), it-dep/advcl (46; 1% instances), it-dep/appos (46; 1% instances), it-dep/obl (36; 1% instances), it-dep/mark (26; 0% instances), it-dep/aux (25; 0% instances), it-dep/nummod (12; 0% instances), it-dep/fixed (7; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (7; 0% instances), it-dep/ccomp (6; 0% instances), it-dep/obj (4; 0% instances), it-dep/orphan (4; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (3; 0% instances), it-dep/det:predet (3; 0% instances), it-dep/discourse (2; 0% instances), it-dep/aux:pass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/expl (1; 0% instances), it-dep/nsubj:pass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/vocative (1; 0% instances)

Children of PRON nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: ADP (1529; 24% instances), PUNCT (1085; 17% instances), NOUN (977; 15% instances), AUX (693; 11% instances), VERB (578; 9% instances), DET (553; 9% instances), ADV (249; 4% instances), PROPN (231; 4% instances), ADJ (187; 3% instances), CCONJ (179; 3% instances), PRON (129; 2% instances), NUM (21; 0% instances), SCONJ (21; 0% instances), INTJ (2; 0% instances), X (2; 0% instances)


Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian-ParTUT)

There are 61 PRON lemmas (1%), 97 PRON types (1%) and 1368 PRON tokens (3%). Out of 15 observed tags, the rank of PRON is: 7 in number of lemmas, 8 in number of types and 10 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PRON lemmas: che, si, cui, ci, lo, quello, questo, altro, uno, esso

The 10 most frequent PRON types: che, si, cui, lo, ci, ciò, quanto, ne, quello, questo

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: che (PRON 313, SCONJ 283, CCONJ 16, ADP 9, ADV 1, DET 1), cui (PRON 73, DET 7), lo (PRON 55, DET 1), quello (PRON 54, DET 23), questo (DET 147, PRON 41), altro (ADJ 71, PRON 36, DET 1), uno (DET 758, PRON 35), ciò (PRON 30, ADV 1), quanto (PRON 28, ADV 11, DET 4, ADP 2), tutto (DET 70, PRON 26)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: che (PRON 313, SCONJ 283, CCONJ 16, ADP 9, ADV 1), cui (PRON 73, DET 7), lo (DET 79, PRON 49), quanto (PRON 25, ADV 10, ADP 2), ne (PRON 25, ADP 4), questo (DET 48, PRON 13), uno (PRON 20, DET 14), altri (ADJ 30, PRON 18), quella (PRON 16, DET 4), la (DET 1316, PRON 13, X 2)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PRON is 1.590164 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.446672).

The 1st highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “quello”: quel, quella, quelle, quelli, quello.

The 2nd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “altro”: altra, altre, altri, altro.

The 3rd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “diverso”: diversa, diverse, diversi, diverso.

PRON occurs with 8 features: it-feat/PronType (1368; 100% instances), it-feat/Number (691; 51% instances), it-feat/Person (535; 39% instances), it-feat/Gender (519; 38% instances), it-feat/Clitic (476; 35% instances), it-feat/NumType (16; 1% instances), it-feat/Reflex (11; 1% instances), it-feat/Poss (2; 0% instances)

PRON occurs with 16 feature-value pairs: Clitic=Yes, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, NumType=Ord, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Poss=Yes, PronType=Dem, PronType=Ind, PronType=Int, PronType=Prs, PronType=Rel, Reflex=Yes

PRON occurs with 44 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is PronType=Rel (382 tokens). Examples: che, cui, quanto, quale, quali, chi, chiunque

Relations

PRON nodes are attached to their parents using 18 different relations: it-dep/nsubj (390; 29% instances), it-dep/obj (227; 17% instances), it-dep/expl (219; 16% instances), it-dep/obl (173; 13% instances), it-dep/nmod (135; 10% instances), it-dep/iobj (58; 4% instances), it-dep/nsubj:pass (49; 4% instances), it-dep/expl:impers (40; 3% instances), it-dep/root (29; 2% instances), it-dep/conj (26; 2% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (4; 0% instances), it-dep/ccomp (4; 0% instances), it-dep/appos (3; 0% instances), it-dep/fixed (3; 0% instances), it-dep/obl:agent (3; 0% instances), it-dep/xcomp (3; 0% instances), it-dep/advcl (1; 0% instances), it-dep/expl:pass (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PRON nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: VERB (1090; 80% instances), NOUN (140; 10% instances), ADJ (58; 4% instances), ROOT (29; 2% instances), PRON (27; 2% instances), PROPN (9; 1% instances), ADV (6; 0% instances), ADP (5; 0% instances), AUX (3; 0% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances)

911 (67%) PRON nodes are leaves.

257 (19%) PRON nodes have one child.

115 (8%) PRON nodes have two children.

85 (6%) PRON nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PRON node is 9.

Children of PRON nodes are attached using 22 different relations: it-dep/case (266; 32% instances), it-dep/nmod (125; 15% instances), it-dep/punct (80; 10% instances), it-dep/det (78; 9% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (68; 8% instances), it-dep/advmod (39; 5% instances), it-dep/cop (33; 4% instances), it-dep/cc (32; 4% instances), it-dep/nsubj (28; 3% instances), it-dep/advcl (19; 2% instances), it-dep/amod (17; 2% instances), it-dep/aux (9; 1% instances), it-dep/conj (9; 1% instances), it-dep/acl (7; 1% instances), it-dep/appos (5; 1% instances), it-dep/mark (4; 0% instances), it-dep/orphan (2; 0% instances), it-dep/ccomp (1; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances), it-dep/det:predet (1; 0% instances), it-dep/nummod (1; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (1; 0% instances)

Children of PRON nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: ADP (266; 32% instances), NOUN (127; 15% instances), VERB (85; 10% instances), DET (80; 10% instances), PUNCT (80; 10% instances), ADV (42; 5% instances), AUX (42; 5% instances), CCONJ (31; 4% instances), PRON (27; 3% instances), ADJ (26; 3% instances), PROPN (14; 2% instances), NUM (3; 0% instances), SCONJ (3; 0% instances)


PRON in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]