PRON
: pronoun
Definition
Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases, whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context.
Specializations of pronouns correspond to different language specific PoS leading to different values for the PronType feature.
Correspondance between language specific PoS and PronTypes
- PC (clitic pronouns) → PronType=Clit
- PD (demonstrative pronouns) → PronType=Dem
- PE (personal pronouns) → PronType=Prs
- PI (indefinite pronouns) → PronType=Ind
-
PP (possessive pronouns) → PronType=Prs Poss=Yes - PQ (interrogative pronouns) → PronType=Int
- PR (relative pronouns) → PronType=Rel
Note: the PronType=Clit feature is specific for Italian.
Examples
- clitic pronouns: ci, si, vi, la, lo, gli, including reflexive pronouns
- demonstrative pronouns: questo, codesto, coloro, medesimo, quello, ciò as in Questo è strano “This is strange”
- personal pronouns: io, tu, te, lui, lei, egli, esso, noi, loro
- indefinite pronouns: uno, altri, qualcuno, qualcosa, ciascuno
- possessive pronouns: mio, suo, loro
- interrogative pronouns: chi, che, cosa, quanto, quale as in Cosa pensi? “What do you think?”
- relative pronouns: che, cui, quale as in Il film che ho visto. “The movie that I have seen”
- totality pronouns: tutti, tutto
- negative pronouns: nessuno, niente, nulla
Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)
There are 102 PRON
lemmas (1%), 153 PRON
types (1%) and 10773 PRON
tokens (4%).
Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of PRON
is: 8 in number of lemmas, 9 in number of types and 10 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent PRON
lemmas: si, che, lo, ci, chi, quello, cui, quale, ne, questo
The 10 most frequent PRON
types: si, che, chi, ci, cui, lo, ne, qual, mi, quanto
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: che (PRON 2226, SCONJ 1230, DET 236, ADP 32, CCONJ 30), lo (PRON 577, DET 4, X 1, PROPN 1, NOUN 1), quello (PRON 381, DET 140), cui (PRON 354, DET 40), quale (DET 490, PRON 308, ADP 19, ADV 5, SCONJ 2), questo (DET 722, PRON 231), tutto (DET 403, PRON 221, ADJ 11, ADV 10, NOUN 4), uno (DET 4396, PRON 209, NUM 41, ADJ 2), quanto (PRON 178, DET 172, ADV 74, ADP 5, SCONJ 4, CCONJ 1), altro (ADJ 395, PRON 180, DET 78, NOUN 1)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: che (PRON 2204, SCONJ 1222, DET 89, ADP 32, CCONJ 30), cui (PRON 354, DET 40), lo (DET 585, PRON 315), ne (PRON 256, ADP 5), qual (PRON 4, SCONJ 1), quanto (PRON 98, ADV 52, ADP 5, DET 3, SCONJ 3, CCONJ 1), quale (DET 237, PRON 131, ADP 10, SCONJ 1), quello (PRON 139, DET 2), uno (PRON 130, DET 106, NUM 9), la (DET 8350, PRON 122, X 2)
- che
- PRON 2204: Tutti gli esseri umani sanno di poter essere più di ciò che sono .
- SCONJ 1222: ” Mi pare che siano proposte serie e condivisibili “ .
- DET 89: Di che cosa è fatto il Corian ?
- ADP 32: ” La cultura ha più che mai bisogno di il genio femminile “ .
- CCONJ 30: Perciò i nuotatori devono essere resistenti oltre che veloci .
- cui
- lo
- ne
- qual
- quanto
- PRON 98: Una libertà che , a quanto pare , ha dato i suoi frutti :
- ADV 52: A quanto ammontava il patrimonio di i Ciano ?
- ADP 5: si tratta di una spirale di metallo , alta quanto la facciata .
- DET 3: Per quanto tempo è stato a il potere in Corea di il Nord Kim Il Sung ?
- SCONJ 3: Articolo molto interessante , in quanto , disciplinando le forme di utilizzazione di un muro comune , deroga a i principi di gli artt. 1102 - 1108 .
- CCONJ 1: Può altresì chiedere il risarcimento di i danni , tanto in i confronti di il terzo che ne abbia fatto uso senza il suo consenso , quanto in i confronti di il proprietario di il suolo che in malafede abbia autorizzato l’ uso [ 2043 ] .
- quale
- DET 237: In quale città è esplosa una lettera bomba ?
- PRON 131: A l’ età di 18 anni , sposò Anne Hathaway , con la quale ebbe 3 figli :
- ADP 10: Ciò , tuttavia , da isolano quale sono tengo a denunciare la scarsa attenzione prestata a la problematica di lo sviluppo insulare .
- SCONJ 1: Per il calcolo di il tasso annuo effettivo globale , si determina il costo totale di il credito a il consumatore quale è definito a l’ articolo 1 , paragrafo 2 , lettera d ) , escluse le spese seguenti :
- quello
- uno
- la
- DET 8350: Sorpresa in la sorpresa :
- PRON 122: C’ è gente nuova da ieri in pista , la copre veloce :
- X 2: È la scena madre ( o meglio , la scena di il concepimento ) di uno spettacolo di nuovo genere intitolato “ C’ est la vie “ e diretto da la regista Veronique Guillaud per il Lincoln Center , il tempio di le arti più prestigioso d’ America .
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of PRON
is 1.500000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.485733).
The 1st highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “lo”: gli, l’, la, le, li, lo.
The 2nd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “il”: Gli, l’, le, lo, l’.
The 3rd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “poco”: po’, poche, pochi, pochissimi, poco.
PRON
occurs with 7 features: it-feat/PronType (10772; 100% instances), it-feat/Number (4667; 43% instances), it-feat/Clitic (4467; 41% instances), it-feat/Person (4431; 41% instances), it-feat/Gender (2921; 27% instances), it-feat/Poss (30; 0% instances), it-feat/Definite (2; 0% instances)
PRON
occurs with 16 feature-value pairs: Clitic=Yes
, Definite=Def
, Gender=Fem
, Gender=Masc
, Number=Plur
, Number=Sing
, Person=1
, Person=2
, Person=3
, Poss=Yes
, PronType=Art
, PronType=Dem
, PronType=Ind
, PronType=Int
, PronType=Prs
, PronType=Rel
PRON
occurs with 64 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is PronType=Rel
(2605 tokens).
Examples: che, cui, chi, quale, quanto, quali, dove, chiunque, quando, come
Relations
PRON
nodes are attached to their parents using 24 different relations: it-dep/nsubj (2813; 26% instances), it-dep/expl (2073; 19% instances), it-dep/obj (1522; 14% instances), it-dep/obl (1178; 11% instances), it-dep/iobj (664; 6% instances), it-dep/root (662; 6% instances), it-dep/nmod (481; 4% instances), it-dep/expl:impers (403; 4% instances), it-dep/expl:pass (363; 3% instances), it-dep/nsubj:pass (282; 3% instances), it-dep/conj (178; 2% instances), it-dep/obl:agent (42; 0% instances), it-dep/appos (31; 0% instances), it-dep/xcomp (23; 0% instances), it-dep/ccomp (16; 0% instances), it-dep/advcl (13; 0% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (9; 0% instances), it-dep/dislocated (7; 0% instances), it-dep/fixed (6; 0% instances), it-dep/orphan (2; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (2; 0% instances), it-dep/acl (1; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances), it-dep/mark (1; 0% instances)
Parents of PRON
nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: VERB (8791; 82% instances), NOUN (734; 7% instances), ROOT (662; 6% instances), ADJ (336; 3% instances), PRON (129; 1% instances), PROPN (47; 0% instances), ADV (37; 0% instances), AUX (14; 0% instances), NUM (12; 0% instances), ADP (10; 0% instances), DET (1; 0% instances)
7563 (70%) PRON
nodes are leaves.
1455 (14%) PRON
nodes have one child.
804 (7%) PRON
nodes have two children.
951 (9%) PRON
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a PRON
node is 11.
Children of PRON
nodes are attached using 30 different relations: it-dep/case (1555; 24% instances), it-dep/punct (1085; 17% instances), it-dep/cop (667; 10% instances), it-dep/nsubj (643; 10% instances), it-dep/det (549; 9% instances), it-dep/nmod (515; 8% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (421; 7% instances), it-dep/advmod (205; 3% instances), it-dep/cc (182; 3% instances), it-dep/amod (142; 2% instances), it-dep/conj (128; 2% instances), it-dep/acl (113; 2% instances), it-dep/advcl (46; 1% instances), it-dep/appos (46; 1% instances), it-dep/obl (36; 1% instances), it-dep/mark (26; 0% instances), it-dep/aux (25; 0% instances), it-dep/nummod (12; 0% instances), it-dep/fixed (7; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (7; 0% instances), it-dep/ccomp (6; 0% instances), it-dep/obj (4; 0% instances), it-dep/orphan (4; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (3; 0% instances), it-dep/det:predet (3; 0% instances), it-dep/discourse (2; 0% instances), it-dep/aux:pass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/expl (1; 0% instances), it-dep/nsubj:pass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/vocative (1; 0% instances)
Children of PRON
nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: ADP (1529; 24% instances), PUNCT (1085; 17% instances), NOUN (977; 15% instances), AUX (693; 11% instances), VERB (578; 9% instances), DET (553; 9% instances), ADV (249; 4% instances), PROPN (231; 4% instances), ADJ (187; 3% instances), CCONJ (179; 3% instances), PRON (129; 2% instances), NUM (21; 0% instances), SCONJ (21; 0% instances), INTJ (2; 0% instances), X (2; 0% instances)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian-ParTUT)
There are 61 PRON
lemmas (1%), 97 PRON
types (1%) and 1368 PRON
tokens (3%).
Out of 15 observed tags, the rank of PRON
is: 7 in number of lemmas, 8 in number of types and 10 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent PRON
lemmas: che, si, cui, ci, lo, quello, questo, altro, uno, esso
The 10 most frequent PRON
types: che, si, cui, lo, ci, ciò, quanto, ne, quello, questo
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: che (PRON 313, SCONJ 283, CCONJ 16, ADP 9, ADV 1, DET 1), cui (PRON 73, DET 7), lo (PRON 55, DET 1), quello (PRON 54, DET 23), questo (DET 147, PRON 41), altro (ADJ 71, PRON 36, DET 1), uno (DET 758, PRON 35), ciò (PRON 30, ADV 1), quanto (PRON 28, ADV 11, DET 4, ADP 2), tutto (DET 70, PRON 26)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: che (PRON 313, SCONJ 283, CCONJ 16, ADP 9, ADV 1), cui (PRON 73, DET 7), lo (DET 79, PRON 49), quanto (PRON 25, ADV 10, ADP 2), ne (PRON 25, ADP 4), questo (DET 48, PRON 13), uno (PRON 20, DET 14), altri (ADJ 30, PRON 18), quella (PRON 16, DET 4), la (DET 1316, PRON 13, X 2)
- che
- PRON 313: Imposta il budget giornaliero che ritieni più adatto .
- SCONJ 283: Chiedo che venga riesaminata tale decisione , in quanto non è così .
- CCONJ 16: Sia il secondo che il terzo problema rappresentano degli enormi errori di valutazione .
- ADP 9: Purtroppo , un’ azione coraggiosa tesa ad affrontare queste fragilità sembra più lontana che mai .
- ADV 1: Tale reazione istintiva presume che l’ attuale rallentamento di la Cina non sia che un preludio ad altre delusioni future , un’ ipotesi che riflette il timore diffuso e radicato di una serie di scenari catastrofici , che vanno da i disordini sociali e da le calamità ambientali a le bolle immobiliari e a il tracollo di il sistema bancario ombra .
- cui
- lo
- quanto
- PRON 25: Questo è quanto chiediamo oggi a il signor commissario .
- ADV 10: Chiedo che venga riesaminata tale decisione , in quanto non è così .
- ADP 2: Pertanto il mio gruppo intende votare a favore di la suddetta posizione comune e auspica quanto prima l’ attuazione di la legislazione che ci doterà di un ulteriore strumento per rendere i trasporti in l’ Unione Europea il più sicuri possibile .
- ne
- questo
- uno
- altri
- quella
- la
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of PRON
is 1.590164 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.446672).
The 1st highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “quello”: quel, quella, quelle, quelli, quello.
The 2nd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “altro”: altra, altre, altri, altro.
The 3rd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “diverso”: diversa, diverse, diversi, diverso.
PRON
occurs with 8 features: it-feat/PronType (1368; 100% instances), it-feat/Number (691; 51% instances), it-feat/Person (535; 39% instances), it-feat/Gender (519; 38% instances), it-feat/Clitic (476; 35% instances), it-feat/NumType (16; 1% instances), it-feat/Reflex (11; 1% instances), it-feat/Poss (2; 0% instances)
PRON
occurs with 16 feature-value pairs: Clitic=Yes
, Gender=Fem
, Gender=Masc
, NumType=Ord
, Number=Plur
, Number=Sing
, Person=1
, Person=2
, Person=3
, Poss=Yes
, PronType=Dem
, PronType=Ind
, PronType=Int
, PronType=Prs
, PronType=Rel
, Reflex=Yes
PRON
occurs with 44 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is PronType=Rel
(382 tokens).
Examples: che, cui, quanto, quale, quali, chi, chiunque
Relations
PRON
nodes are attached to their parents using 18 different relations: it-dep/nsubj (390; 29% instances), it-dep/obj (227; 17% instances), it-dep/expl (219; 16% instances), it-dep/obl (173; 13% instances), it-dep/nmod (135; 10% instances), it-dep/iobj (58; 4% instances), it-dep/nsubj:pass (49; 4% instances), it-dep/expl:impers (40; 3% instances), it-dep/root (29; 2% instances), it-dep/conj (26; 2% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (4; 0% instances), it-dep/ccomp (4; 0% instances), it-dep/appos (3; 0% instances), it-dep/fixed (3; 0% instances), it-dep/obl:agent (3; 0% instances), it-dep/xcomp (3; 0% instances), it-dep/advcl (1; 0% instances), it-dep/expl:pass (1; 0% instances)
Parents of PRON
nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: VERB (1090; 80% instances), NOUN (140; 10% instances), ADJ (58; 4% instances), ROOT (29; 2% instances), PRON (27; 2% instances), PROPN (9; 1% instances), ADV (6; 0% instances), ADP (5; 0% instances), AUX (3; 0% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances)
911 (67%) PRON
nodes are leaves.
257 (19%) PRON
nodes have one child.
115 (8%) PRON
nodes have two children.
85 (6%) PRON
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a PRON
node is 9.
Children of PRON
nodes are attached using 22 different relations: it-dep/case (266; 32% instances), it-dep/nmod (125; 15% instances), it-dep/punct (80; 10% instances), it-dep/det (78; 9% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (68; 8% instances), it-dep/advmod (39; 5% instances), it-dep/cop (33; 4% instances), it-dep/cc (32; 4% instances), it-dep/nsubj (28; 3% instances), it-dep/advcl (19; 2% instances), it-dep/amod (17; 2% instances), it-dep/aux (9; 1% instances), it-dep/conj (9; 1% instances), it-dep/acl (7; 1% instances), it-dep/appos (5; 1% instances), it-dep/mark (4; 0% instances), it-dep/orphan (2; 0% instances), it-dep/ccomp (1; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances), it-dep/det:predet (1; 0% instances), it-dep/nummod (1; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (1; 0% instances)
Children of PRON
nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: ADP (266; 32% instances), NOUN (127; 15% instances), VERB (85; 10% instances), DET (80; 10% instances), PUNCT (80; 10% instances), ADV (42; 5% instances), AUX (42; 5% instances), CCONJ (31; 4% instances), PRON (27; 3% instances), ADJ (26; 3% instances), PROPN (14; 2% instances), NUM (3; 0% instances), SCONJ (3; 0% instances)
PRON in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]