PRON: pronoun
Description
Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases, whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context.
In Irish, third person pronouns have two forms, roughly corresponding to nominative (e.g. sé) and accusative (e.g. é) cases. Irish pronouns also have emphatic forms. Pronouns are often incorporated through inflection in synthetic verb forms and prepositions.
Augment pronouns appear in copula constructions when the subject is 3rd person singular or plural. The pronoun precedes the subject.
Both the indirect and direct relative pronoun are represented by a.
Irish demonstratives are either post-determiners (see DET), when modifying a noun, or simply demonstrative pronouns (siúd, seo, sin)
Examples
personal pronouns
- mé “I”
- tú “you”
- sé “he”
- sí “she”
- é “him”
- í “her”
emphatic personal pronouns
- mise “me”
- tusa “you”
- seisean “he”
- sise “she”
synthetic verbs with incorporated pronouns
- ceapaim “I think”
- cheapfainn “I would think”
- cheapfá “you would think”
inflected prepositions with incorporated pronouns
- agam “at me”
- agat “at you”
augment pronouns
- An é Mairtín an múinteoir? “Is Martin the teacher?
direct relative pronoun
- An radharc a bhí le feiceáil “The sight that could be seen”
indirect relative pronoun
- na cumhachtaí a dtugtar dó “The powers which are given to him”
demonstrative pronouns
- seacht mbliana déag roimhe sin “seventeen years before that”
- ná déan seo agus ná déan súid “don’t do this and don’t do that”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Irish)
There are 25 PRON lemmas (1%), 36 PRON types (1%) and 496 PRON tokens (4%).
Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of PRON is: 9 in number of lemmas, 9 in number of types and 8 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent PRON lemmas: sé, é, sin, sí, siad, iad, féin, mé, í, seo
The 10 most frequent PRON types: sé, é, sin, sí, siad, iad, féin, mé, seo, í
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: sé (PRON 118, NUM 2), sin (DET 67, PRON 65, X 10, AUX 2), féin (PRON 25, NOUN 1, ADV 1), seo (DET 68, PRON 15, X 7, AUX 2), siúd (PRON 10, DET 1), cé (PRON 8, SCONJ 5, DET 2, NOUN 1, AUX 1)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: sé (PRON 118, NUM 2), sin (DET 67, PRON 55), féin (PRON 25, ADV 1), seo (DET 68, PRON 14), siúd (PRON 8, DET 1), cén (PRON 4, DET 1), san (ADP 28, X 10, PRON 4), cé (SCONJ 4, PRON 1, NOUN 1)
- sé
- sin
- féin
- PRON 25: Sa chás nach mbíodh teaghlach dá gcuid féin acu ba iad an pobal áitiúil a dhéanadh cúram díobh .
- ADV 1: ’ Fostaíodh Comhairleoirí Gaeilge ar chonradh dhá bhliain i gcuid de na Bordcheantair cheana féin ach ceapann Comhar go bhfuil géarghá le Comhairleoir Gaeilge lánaimseartha in achan Bhordcheantar sa Tuaisceart sa dóigh is go mbeidh leanúnachas san obair .
- seo
- siúd
- cén
- san
- ADP 28: Níor mhasla gan bhrí ná caint gan éifeacht a bhí san fhocal sin twaddle .
- X 10: (4) Gach rialachán a déanfar fén alt so leagfar é fé bhráid gach Tighe den Oireachtas chó luath agus is féidir é tar éis a dhéanta agus má dhineann aon Tigh acu san laistigh den lá is fiche a shuidhfidh an Tigh sin ina dhiaidh sin rún do rith ag cur an rialacháin sin ar nea-mbrí beidh an rialachán san ar nea-mbrí dá réir sin ach beidh san gan dochar do dhleathacht éinní a dineadh roimhe sin fén rialachán san .
- PRON 4: As san go dtí Fromista , áit a bhfuil séipéal álainn ón 11ú céad sa stíl Rómhánach .
- cé
- SCONJ 4: Roghnaigh an bogha an banlaoch Clothra , cé nach raibh sí ach ina girseach ag an am .
- PRON 1: Ansin faigh amach cé mhéad fuinnimh a bheidh le fáil as gach ceann de na béilí seo agus déan comparáid idir an iontógáil fuinnimh iomlán agus an iontógáil atá molta i dTábla 1.4 .
- NOUN 1: Ar fhágaint slán agus beannacht age cé na Coise an tráthnóna aoibhinn caithiseach Domhnaigh seo dhúinn , agus agena a raibh do dhaoine ina seasamh ann , cé go raibh cuid mhaith ann san am gcéanna , ní raibh cuma na hainnise ná na bochtanacht ar aon duine acu , rud ná beadh im chumas do rá leo anois dá mbeinn ann , comh fada lem thuairim .
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of PRON is 1.440000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.393750).
The 1st highest number of forms (3) was observed with the lemma “iad”: hiad, iad, iadsan.
The 2nd highest number of forms (3) was observed with the lemma “sin”: san, shin, sin.
The 3rd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “ceachtar”: ceachtar, cheachtar.
PRON occurs with 6 features: ga-feat/Number (368; 74% instances), ga-feat/Person (362; 73% instances), ga-feat/Gender (252; 51% instances), ga-feat/PronType (120; 24% instances), ga-feat/Reflex (25; 5% instances), ga-feat/Form (2; 0% instances)
PRON occurs with 13 feature-value pairs: Form=Len, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, PronType=Dem, PronType=Emp, PronType=Ind, PronType=Int, Reflex=Yes
PRON occurs with 21 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 (199 tokens).
Examples: sé, é, hé
Relations
PRON nodes are attached to their parents using 13 different relations: ga-dep/nsubj (258; 52% instances), ga-dep/obj (58; 12% instances), ga-dep/nmod (53; 11% instances), ga-dep/det (34; 7% instances), ga-dep/compound (30; 6% instances), ga-dep/obl (19; 4% instances), ga-dep/root (16; 3% instances), ga-dep/conj (11; 2% instances), ga-dep/ccomp (8; 2% instances), ga-dep/advcl (4; 1% instances), ga-dep/appos (2; 0% instances), ga-dep/xcomp:pred (2; 0% instances), ga-dep/parataxis (1; 0% instances)
Parents of PRON nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: VERB (290; 58% instances), NOUN (106; 21% instances), PRON (30; 6% instances), ADP (23; 5% instances), ADJ (16; 3% instances), ROOT (16; 3% instances), PROPN (6; 1% instances), CCONJ (3; 1% instances), SCONJ (3; 1% instances), ADV (2; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)
385 (78%) PRON nodes are leaves.
55 (11%) PRON nodes have one child.
33 (7%) PRON nodes have two children.
23 (5%) PRON nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a PRON node is 5.
Children of PRON nodes are attached using 20 different relations: ga-dep/punct (31; 15% instances), ga-dep/case (24; 12% instances), ga-dep/det (18; 9% instances), ga-dep/compound (17; 8% instances), ga-dep/conj (16; 8% instances), ga-dep/cop (15; 7% instances), ga-dep/xcomp:pred (15; 7% instances), ga-dep/nsubj (14; 7% instances), ga-dep/cc (11; 5% instances), ga-dep/acl:relcl (9; 4% instances), ga-dep/mark (8; 4% instances), ga-dep/nmod (8; 4% instances), ga-dep/csubj:cleft (7; 3% instances), ga-dep/xcomp (4; 2% instances), ga-dep/advcl (2; 1% instances), ga-dep/appos (2; 1% instances), ga-dep/advmod (1; 0% instances), ga-dep/amod (1; 0% instances), ga-dep/ccomp (1; 0% instances), ga-dep/csubj:cop (1; 0% instances)
Children of PRON nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: NOUN (47; 23% instances), PUNCT (31; 15% instances), PRON (30; 15% instances), ADP (26; 13% instances), VERB (21; 10% instances), AUX (15; 7% instances), CCONJ (14; 7% instances), DET (7; 3% instances), SCONJ (5; 2% instances), ADJ (3; 1% instances), PROPN (3; 1% instances), X (2; 1% instances), ADV (1; 0% instances)
PRON in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]