PRON
: pronoun
Definition
Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases, whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context. Some pronouns – in particular certain demonstrative, total, indefinite, and interrogatives pronouns – may also function as determiners (DET
) and are tagged as such when functioning as a modifier of a noun.
Examples
- Personal pronouns
- 我 / wǒ “I”, 你 / nǐ “you (m.)”, 妳 / nǐ “you (f.)”, 您 / nín “you (polite)”, 他 / tā “he”, 她 / tā “she”, 它 / tā “it”, 之 / zhī “it”, 我們 / wǒmen “we”, 你們 / nǐmen “you (m.pl.)”, 妳們 / nǐmen “you (f.pl.)”, 您們 / nínmen “you (pl. polite)”, 他們 / tāmen “they (m.)”, 她們 / tāmen “they (f.)”, 它們 / tāmen “they (non-human)”, 人家 / rénjiā “others, other (people); he/she/it/they”
- Reciprocal and reflexive pronouns
- 彼此 / bǐcǐ “each other”, 自身 / zìshēn “self”, 己身 / jǐshēn “self”, 自己 / zìjǐ “self”, 我自己 / wǒzìjǐ “myself”, 你自己 / nǐzìjǐ “yourself”, 她們自己 / tāmenzìjǐ “themselves (f.)”, etc
- Demonstrative pronouns
- 這 / zhè “this”, 這些 / zhèxiē “these”, 此 / cǐ “this”, 那 / nà “that”, 那些 / nàxiē “those”
- Total pronouns
- 全部 / quánbù “all”, 一切 / yīqiè “everything”, 所有 / suǒyǒu “all”, 大家 / dàjiā “everybody”, 大伙兒 / _dàhuǒr “everybody”
- Indefinite pronouns
- 任何 / rènhé “any”, 有的 / yǒude “some”, 有些 / yǒuxiē “some”, 很多 / duō “many”, 很少 / shǎo “few”, 許多 / xǔduō “many”, 若干 / ruògān “few”, 大部分 / dàbùfèn “the majority”, / 大量 dàliàng “a large quantity”, 不少 / bùshǎo “not few”, 多數 / duōshù “most”, 另外 / lìngwài “other(s)” (also ADV), 其他 / qítā “other(s)”
- Locational pronouns
- 這裡 / zhèlǐ “here”, 那裡 / nàlǐ “there”
- Manner pronouns
- 這樣(子) / zhèyàng(zi) “thus, this way, like this” (also ADV), 那樣(子) / nàyàng(zi) “that way, like that”
- Interrogative pronouns - 誰 / shéi “who”, 什麼 / shénme “what”, 多少 / duōshǎo “how many”, 哪裡 / nǎlǐ “where”, 哪樣 / nǎyàng “which kind/type/way”, 何樣 / héyàng “what kind/type/way”, 怎樣 / zěnyàng “how” (also ADV)
- Other
- X + 方: 對方 / duìfāng “the other party”, 雙方 / shuāngfāng “both parties”, 己方 / jǐfāng “one’s own side/party”, 一方 / yīfāng “one party”, 三方 / sānfāng “all three parties”, etc.
- X + 者: 前者 / qiánzhě “the former”, 後者 / hòuzhě “the latter”, 二者 / èrzhě “the two”, 三者 / sānzhě “the three”, etc.
- 其餘 / qíyú “the rest”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Chinese)
There are 43 PRON
lemmas (0%), 48 PRON
types (0%) and 1608 PRON
tokens (1%).
Out of 15 observed tags, the rank of PRON
is: 12 in number of lemmas, 12 in number of types and 11 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent PRON
lemmas: 他、 其、 她、 此、 它、 自己、 這、 我、 之、 你
The 10 most frequent PRON
types: 他、 其、 她、 此、 他們、 自己、 它、 這、 我、 它們
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: 此 (PRON 120, DET 57, ADP 1), 這 (DET 284, PRON 71), 之 (PART 233, PRON 22, X 1), 你 (PRON 18, NOUN 1), 這樣 (PRON 16, ADV 4), 這裡 (PRON 14, NOUN 2), 本身 (PRON 8, NOUN 2), 本人 (PRON 7, NOUN 3), 個人 (NOUN 6, PRON 4, ADJ 4), 自身 (PRON 4, NOUN 1)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: 此 (PRON 120, DET 57, ADP 1), 這 (DET 284, PRON 71), 之 (PART 233, PRON 22, X 1), 你 (PRON 18, NOUN 1), 這樣 (PRON 16, ADV 4), 這裡 (PRON 14, NOUN 2), 本身 (PRON 8, NOUN 2), 本人 (PRON 7, NOUN 3), 個人 (NOUN 6, PRON 4, ADJ 4), 自身 (PRON 4, NOUN 1)
- 此
- 這
- 之
- 你
- 這樣
- 這裡
- 本身
- 本人
- 個人
- 自身
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of PRON
is 1.116279 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.000284).
The 1st highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “他”: 他, 他們.
The 2nd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “她”: 她, 她們.
The 3rd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “它”: 它, 它們.
PRON
occurs with 2 features: zh-feat/Person (1195; 74% instances), zh-feat/Number (193; 12% instances)
PRON
occurs with 4 feature-value pairs: Number=Plur
, Person=1
, Person=2
, Person=3
PRON
occurs with 6 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is Person=3
(947 tokens).
Examples: 他、 其、 她、 它、 他們、 它們、 牠們、 她們、 祂、 他倆
Relations
PRON
nodes are attached to their parents using 14 different relations: zh-dep/nsubj (772; 48% instances), zh-dep/nmod (259; 16% instances), zh-dep/det (243; 15% instances), zh-dep/obl (147; 9% instances), zh-dep/obj (119; 7% instances), zh-dep/appos (25; 2% instances), zh-dep/nsubj:pass (22; 1% instances), zh-dep/advmod (7; 0% instances), zh-dep/iobj (7; 0% instances), zh-dep/case:suff (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/xcomp (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/conj (1; 0% instances), zh-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances), zh-dep/root (1; 0% instances)
Parents of PRON
nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: VERB (943; 59% instances), NOUN (536; 33% instances), PART (54; 3% instances), ADJ (44; 3% instances), PROPN (12; 1% instances), NUM (11; 1% instances), ADP (3; 0% instances), PRON (2; 0% instances), ADV (1; 0% instances), ROOT (1; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)
1187 (74%) PRON
nodes are leaves.
401 (25%) PRON
nodes have one child.
16 (1%) PRON
nodes have two children.
4 (0%) PRON
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a PRON
node is 12.
Children of PRON
nodes are attached using 17 different relations: zh-dep/case:dec (232; 51% instances), zh-dep/case (164; 36% instances), zh-dep/acl (11; 2% instances), zh-dep/conj (11; 2% instances), zh-dep/punct (8; 2% instances), zh-dep/nmod (7; 2% instances), zh-dep/appos (5; 1% instances), zh-dep/amod (3; 1% instances), zh-dep/dep (3; 1% instances), zh-dep/acl:relcl (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/dislocated (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/cc (1; 0% instances), zh-dep/ccomp (1; 0% instances), zh-dep/cop (1; 0% instances), zh-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances), zh-dep/discourse (1; 0% instances), zh-dep/mark (1; 0% instances)
Children of PRON
nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: PART (233; 51% instances), ADP (173; 38% instances), NOUN (17; 4% instances), PUNCT (8; 2% instances), VERB (8; 2% instances), PROPN (5; 1% instances), ADJ (4; 1% instances), PRON (2; 0% instances), ADV (1; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances), CCONJ (1; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)
PRON in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]