cop: copula
A copula is the relation between the nominal predicate and
the copular verb быть “to be” (or its variants бывал, был).
The verb становиться “to become”, despite being counted among copular verbs by some authors,
is not analyzed as cop.
We normally take a copula as a dependent of its complement (the nominal predicate). The nominal predicate is usually a noun, an adjective or a participle.
Андрей был честным человеком . \n Andrew was an honest man .
cop(человеком, был)
cop(man, was)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
This relation is universal.
487 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
387 instances of cop (79%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.19507186858316.
The following 5 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/AUX (321; 66% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/AUX (134; 28% instances), ru-pos/NUM-ru-pos/AUX (23; 5% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/AUX (5; 1% instances), ru-pos/PROPN-ru-pos/AUX (4; 1% instances).
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1 Величиной ВЕЛИЧИНА NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
2 , , PUNCT , _ 3 punct _ _
3 обратной ОБРАТНЫЙ ADJ JJL Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 1 amod _ _
4 КПИ КПИ NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
5 , , PUNCT , _ 3 punct _ _
6 является ЯВЛЯТЬСЯ AUX VBC Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid 1 cop _ _
7 энергоемкость ЭНЕРГОЕМКОСТЬ NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 1 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT . _ 1 punct _ _
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1 Виновным ВИНОВНЫЙ ADJ JJL Animacy=Anim|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
2 себя СЕБЯ PRON PRP Case=Acc|Reflex=Yes 1 obj _ _
3 не НЕ PART NEG Polarity=Neg 1 advmod _ _
4 признал ПРИЗНАТЬ AUX VBC Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 1 cop _ SpaceAfter=No
5 , , PUNCT , _ 1 punct _ _
6 был БЫТЬ AUX VBC Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 7 aux:pass _ _
7 приговорён ПРИГОВОРИТЬ VERB VBNH Animacy=Anim|Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Variant=Short|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 1 parataxis _ _
8 к К ADP IN _ 10 case _ _
9 пяти ПЯТЬ NUM CD Case=Dat|NumType=Card 10 nummod _ _
10 годам ГОД NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 7 obl _ _
11 ссылки ССЫЛКА NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 10 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT . _ 1 punct _ _
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1 Из ИЗ ADP IN _ 3 case _ _
2 77 77 NUM CD Case=Gen|NumType=Card 3 nummod _ _
3 активных АКТИВНЫЙ NOUN NN Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 4 obl _ _
4 работали РАБОТАТЬ VERB VBC Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
5 75 75 NUM CD Case=Nom|NumType=Card 6 nummod:gov _ _
6 человек ЧЕЛОВЕК NOUN NN Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _
7 ( ( PUNCT ( _ 9 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
8 37 37 NUM CD Case=Nom|NumType=Card 9 nummod:gov _ _
9 мужчин МУЖЧИНА NOUN NN Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 6 appos _ _
10 и И CCONJ CC _ 12 cc _ _
11 38 38 NUM CD Case=Nom|NumType=Card 12 nummod:gov _ _
12 женщин ЖЕНЩИНА NOUN NN Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 9 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
13 ) ) PUNCT ) _ 9 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
14 , , PUNCT , _ 4 punct _ _
15 безработных БЕЗРАБОТНЫЙ NOUN NN Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 17 nmod _ _
16 было БЫТЬ AUX VBC Aspect=Imp|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 17 cop _ _
17 2 2 NUM CD Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|NumType=Card 4 parataxis _ _
18 ( ( PUNCT ( _ 20 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
19 1 1 NUM CD Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|NumType=Card 20 nummod _ _
20 мужчина МУЖЧИНА NOUN NN Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 17 appos _ _
21 и И CCONJ CC _ 23 cc _ _
22 1 1 NUM CD Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|NumType=Card 23 nummod _ _
23 женщина ЖЕНЩИНА NOUN NN Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 20 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
24 ) ) PUNCT ) _ 20 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
25 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
This relation is universal.
6530 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
4210 instances of cop (64%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.96339969372129.
The following 37 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/AUX (1982; 30% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/AUX (1399; 21% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/VERB (956; 15% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/PART (474; 7% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/AUX (453; 7% instances), ru-pos/PRON-ru-pos/VERB (338; 5% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/VERB (261; 4% instances), ru-pos/PROPN-ru-pos/VERB (113; 2% instances), ru-pos/PRON-ru-pos/AUX (110; 2% instances), ru-pos/PROPN-ru-pos/AUX (73; 1% instances), ru-pos/NUM-ru-pos/VERB (65; 1% instances), ru-pos/DET-ru-pos/AUX (53; 1% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/PART (37; 1% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/VERB (33; 1% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/PART (29; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/VERB (27; 0% instances), ru-pos/PRON-ru-pos/PART (26; 0% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/AUX (21; 0% instances), ru-pos/DET-ru-pos/VERB (16; 0% instances), ru-pos/PROPN-ru-pos/PART (9; 0% instances), ru-pos/AUX-ru-pos/AUX (8; 0% instances), ru-pos/NUM-ru-pos/AUX (8; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADP-ru-pos/VERB (7; 0% instances), ru-pos/DET-ru-pos/PART (5; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/PART (4; 0% instances), ru-pos/CCONJ-ru-pos/VERB (3; 0% instances), ru-pos/NUM-ru-pos/PART (3; 0% instances), ru-pos/PART-ru-pos/AUX (3; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADP-ru-pos/AUX (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/SYM (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/PART-ru-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/SCONJ-ru-pos/AUX (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/SCONJ-ru-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/PART-ru-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/PUNCT-ru-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/PUNCT-ru-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/X-ru-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances).
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1 Алгоритм алгоритм NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 nsubj 2:nsubj _
2 должен должен ADJ _ Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Variant=Short 0 root 0:root _
3 быть быть AUX _ Aspect=Imp|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 4 cop 4:cop _
4 применим применимый ADJ _ Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Variant=Short 2 nmod 2:nmod _
5 к к ADP _ _ 7 case 7:case _
6 разным разный ADJ _ Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 7 amod 7:amod _
7 наборам набор NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 4 nmod 4:nmod _
8 исходных исходный ADJ _ Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 9 amod 9:amod _
9 данных данные NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Number=Plur 7 nmod 7:nmod SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT _ _ 9 punct 9:punct _
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1 Преимущество преимущество NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 5 nsubj 5:nsubj _
2 было быть AUX _ Aspect=Imp|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 cop 5:cop _
3 на на ADP _ _ 5 case 5:case _
4 его он PRON _ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 5 nmod 5:nmod _
5 стороне сторона NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 0 root 0:root SpaceAfter=No
6 . . PUNCT _ _ 5 punct 5:punct _
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1 Мать мать NOUN _ Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 2 nsubj 2:nsubj _
2 умерла умирать VERB _ Aspect=Perf|Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root 0:root _
3 от от ADP _ _ 4 case 4:case _
4 заражения заражение NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 2 obl 2:obl _
5 крови кровь NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 4 nmod 4:nmod SpaceAfter=No
6 , , PUNCT _ _ 5 punct 5:punct _
7 когда когда SCONJ _ _ 2 mark 2:mark _
8 Роману роман PROPN _ Animacy=Anim|Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 nmod 11:nmod _
9 было быть VERB _ Aspect=Imp|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 11 cop 11:cop _
10 полтора полтора NUM _ Case=Nom|Gender=Masc 11 nummod:gov 11:nummod:gov _
11 года год NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 advcl 2:advcl SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT _ _ 11 punct 11:punct _
cop in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]