cop: copula
A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb. Copular heads are avoided when possible.
Bill is an honest man
cop(man, is)
nsubj(man, Bill)
amod(man, honest)
det(man, an)
Prepositional phrases are annotated similarly, the only difference being that the nominal predicate has an additional case marker.
Bill is from California
case(California, from)
cop(California, is)
nsubj(California, Bill)
When an adjective or adverb is being predicated of a nominal phrase, the adjective/adverb is the root, the nominal phrase is the nsubj, and the copula is the cop.
Bill is honest
nsubj(honest, Bill)
cop(honest, is)
It was yesterday
nsubj(yesterday, It)
cop(yesterday, was)
Prepositions may also project a cop dependent.
The light is on
cop(on, is)
nsubj(on, light)
det(light, The)
In predicative wh-constructions, the fronted wh-word is the head, and the copula is another cop.
What is that ?
cop(What, is)
nsubj(What, that)
However, whenever the copula has a clausal argument/adjunct, the copula becomes the root, so the cop relation is not used.
It was because Bill is honest
nsubj(was, It)
mark(honest, because)
ccomp(was, honest)
nsubj(honest, Bill)
cop(honest, is)
My question is : was that really true ?
nsubj(is, question)
ccomp(is, true)
cop(true, was)
nsubj(true, that)
advmod(true, really)
This is to inform you of our decision
nsubj(is, This)
advcl(is, inform)
aux(inform, to)
dobj(inform, you)
nmod(inform, decision)
case(decision, of)
poss(decision, our)
Predicative “be” is the only verb recognized as a copula; other copula-like verbs,such as “become”, “get”, and “seem”, are treated as regular raising verbs, and thus take xcomp arguments. Non-predicative uses of “be”–e.g., “be” when used in periphrastic verbal constructions, presentationals, or existentials–is annotated as an aux instead. of a cop.
Bill got rich
nsubj(got, Bill)
xcomp(got, rich)
Bill is speaking
nsubj(speaking, Bill)
aux(speaking, is)
Here are some bags
advmod(are, Here)
nsubj(are, bags)
det(bags, some)
There 's a cow in the field
expl('s, There)
nsubj('s, cow)
det(cow, a)
nmod('s, field)
det(field, the)
case(field, in)
Treebank Statistics (UD_English)
This relation is universal.
5044 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as cop.
4837 instances of cop (96%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.16276764472641.
The following 13 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/AUX (2510; 50% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/AUX (1794; 36% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/AUX (258; 5% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/AUX (162; 3% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/AUX (145; 3% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/AUX (80; 2% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/AUX (30; 1% instances), en-pos/DET-en-pos/AUX (21; 0% instances), en-pos/SYM-en-pos/AUX (21; 0% instances), en-pos/ADP-en-pos/AUX (15; 0% instances), en-pos/X-en-pos/AUX (5; 0% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/AUX (2; 0% instances), en-pos/INTJ-en-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances).
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1 That that PRON DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 3 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
2 's be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 cop _ _
3 right right ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
4 , , PUNCT , _ 3 punct _ _
5 folks folks NOUN UH _ 3 parataxis _ SpaceAfter=No
6 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _
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1 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 5 nsubj _ _
2 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 cop _ _
3 on on ADP IN _ 5 case _ _
4 my my PRON PRP$ Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 5 nmod:poss _ _
5 way way NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _
6 to to ADP IN _ 8 case _ _
7 my my PRON PRP$ Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 8 nmod:poss _ _
8 wedding wedding NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 nmod _ _
9 fearing fear VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 1 acl _ _
10 death death NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
11 , , PUNCT , _ 9 punct _ _
12 basically basically ADV RB _ 9 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
14 " " PUNCT '' _ 5 punct _ _
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1 Here here ADV RB PronType=Dem 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
2 's be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 1 cop _ _
3 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 4 det _ _
4 excerpt excerpt NOUN NN Number=Sing 1 nsubj _ _
5 from from ADP IN _ 7 case _ _
6 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 7 det _ _
7 article article NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
8 : : PUNCT : _ 1 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_English-ESL)
This relation is universal.
2547 nodes (3%) are attached to their parents as cop.
2489 instances of cop (98%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.99018453082057.
The following 12 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/VERB (1465; 58% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/VERB (810; 32% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/VERB (82; 3% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/VERB (69; 3% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/VERB (46; 2% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/VERB (37; 1% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/VERB (24; 1% instances), en-pos/DET-en-pos/VERB (6; 0% instances), en-pos/SYM-en-pos/VERB (3; 0% instances), en-pos/ADP-en-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), en-pos/X-en-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), en-pos/PART-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances).
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1 _ _ DET PRP$ _ 2 nmod:poss _ _
2 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 5 nsubj _ _
3 _ _ VERB VBD _ 5 cop _ _
4 _ _ PART RB _ 5 neg _ _
5 _ _ ADJ JJ _ 0 root _ _
6 _ _ ADV RB _ 5 advmod _ _
7 _ _ PART TO _ 8 mark _ _
8 _ _ VERB VB _ 6 xcomp _ _
9 _ _ DET PRP$ _ 10 nmod:poss _ _
10 _ _ NOUN NN _ 8 dobj _ _
11 _ _ ADP IN _ 13 case _ _
12 _ _ NOUN NN _ 13 compound _ _
13 _ _ NOUN NN _ 10 nmod _ _
14 _ _ PUNCT , _ 5 punct _ _
15 _ _ CONJ CC _ 5 cc _ _
16 _ _ DET DT _ 18 det _ _
17 _ _ NOUN NN _ 18 compound _ _
18 _ _ NOUN NN _ 20 nsubj _ _
19 _ _ VERB VBD _ 20 cop _ _
20 _ _ ADJ JJ _ 5 conj _ _
21 _ _ PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _
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1 _ _ VERB VBG _ 7 advcl _ _
2 _ _ PRON PRP _ 1 dobj _ _
3 _ _ ADP IN _ 4 case _ _
4 _ _ NOUN NN _ 1 nmod _ _
5 _ _ PRON PRP _ 7 nsubj _ _
6 _ _ AUX MD _ 7 aux _ _
7 _ _ VERB VB _ 0 root _ _
8 _ _ PART TO _ 9 mark _ _
9 _ _ VERB VB _ 7 xcomp _ _
10 _ _ SCONJ IN _ 16 mark _ _
11 _ _ DET DT _ 12 det _ _
12 _ _ NOUN NN _ 16 nsubj _ _
13 _ _ VERB VBZ _ 16 cop _ _
14 _ _ DET DT _ 16 det _ _
15 _ _ ADJ JJ _ 16 amod _ _
16 _ _ NOUN NN _ 9 ccomp _ _
17 _ _ ADP IN _ 19 case _ _
18 _ _ DET DT _ 19 det _ _
19 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 16 nmod _ _
20 _ _ PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _
21 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 19 conj _ _
22 _ _ PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _
23 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 19 conj _ _
24 _ _ CONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _
25 _ _ ADV RB _ 26 advmod _ _
26 _ _ ADV RB _ 19 advmod _ _
27 _ _ CONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _
28 _ _ ADV RB _ 19 advmod _ _
29 _ _ PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _
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1 _ _ ADV RB _ 17 advmod _ _
2 _ _ ADP IN _ 3 case _ _
3 _ _ DET DT _ 1 nmod _ _
4 _ _ PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _
5 _ _ DET DT _ 6 det _ _
6 _ _ NOUN NN _ 17 nsubj _ _
7 _ _ ADP IN _ 8 case _ _
8 _ _ NOUN NN _ 6 nmod _ _
9 _ _ DET WDT _ 13 nmod _ _
10 _ _ PRON PRP _ 13 nsubjpass _ _
11 _ _ AUX VBP _ 13 aux _ _
12 _ _ AUX VBN _ 13 auxpass _ _
13 _ _ VERB VBN _ 8 acl:relcl _ _
14 _ _ ADP IN _ 9 case _ _
15 _ _ VERB VBZ _ 17 cop _ _
16 _ _ PROPN NNP _ 17 compound _ _
17 _ _ PROPN NNP _ 0 root _ _
18 _ _ PUNCT . _ 17 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_English-LinES)
This relation is universal.
1040 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as cop.
990 instances of cop (95%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.13942307692308.
The following 10 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/AUX (458; 44% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/AUX (381; 37% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/AUX (78; 8% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/AUX (75; 7% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/AUX (27; 3% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/AUX (9; 1% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/AUX (5; 0% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/AUX (4; 0% instances), en-pos/ADP-en-pos/AUX (2; 0% instances), en-pos/SCONJ-en-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances).
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1 Filters _ NOUN PL-NOM _ 3 nsubj _ _
2 are _ AUX PRES _ 3 cop _ _
3 additive _ ADJ POS _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
4 . _ PUNCT Period _ 3 punct _ _
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1 Is _ AUX PRES _ 5 cop _ _
2 he _ PRON PERS-P3SG-NOM _ 5 nsubj _ _
3 a _ DET IND-SG _ 5 det _ _
4 smart _ ADJ POS _ 5 amod _ _
5 detective _ NOUN SG-NOM _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
6 ? _ PUNCT QuestionMark _ 5 punct _ _
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1 What _ PRON WH _ 0 root _ _
2 are _ AUX PRES _ 1 cop _ _
3 XML _ PROPN SG-NOM _ 4 compound _ _
4 schemas _ NOUN PL-NOM _ 1 nsubj _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_English-ParTUT)
This relation is universal.
551 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
507 instances of cop (92%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.27404718693285.
The following 10 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/AUX (238; 43% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/AUX (235; 43% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/AUX (23; 4% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/AUX (19; 3% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/AUX (13; 2% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/AUX (10; 2% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/AUX (8; 1% instances), en-pos/INTJ-en-pos/AUX (2; 0% instances), en-pos/SYM-en-pos/AUX (2; 0% instances), en-pos/DET-en-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances).
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1 I I PRON PE Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 3 nsubj _ _
2 would will AUX VM Mood=Ind|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 aux _ _
3 ask ask VERB V VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _
4 that that SCONJ CS _ 6 mark _ _
5 they they PRON PE Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 6 nsubj _ _
6 reconsider reconsider VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 ccomp _ SpaceAfter=No
7 , , PUNCT FF _ 6 punct _ _
8 since since SCONJ CS _ 13 mark _ _
9 this this PRON PD Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 13 nsubj _ _
10 is be AUX VA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 13 cop _ _
11 not not PART PART Polarity=Neg 13 advmod _ _
12 the the DET RD Definite=Def|PronType=Art 13 det _ _
13 case case NOUN S Number=Sing 6 advcl _ SpaceAfter=No
14 . . PUNCT FS _ 3 punct _ _
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1 Mr mister NOUN S Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 10 vocative _ _
2 Cox Cox PROPN SP _ 1 flat _ SpaceAfter=No
3 , , PUNCT FF _ 4 punct _ _
4 Mr mister NOUN S Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 conj _ _
5 Hänsch Hänsch PROPN SP _ 4 flat _ SpaceAfter=No
6 , , PUNCT FF _ 1 punct _ _
7 would will AUX VM Mood=Ind|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 10 aux _ _
8 this this PRON PD Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 10 nsubj _ _
9 be be AUX VA VerbForm=Inf 10 cop _ _
10 acceptable acceptable ADJ A Degree=Pos 0 root _ _
11 to to ADP E _ 12 case _ _
12 you you PRON PE Person=2|PronType=Prs 10 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
13 ? ? PUNCT FS _ 10 punct _ _
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1 When when SCONJ CS _ 3 mark _ _
2 you you PRON PE Person=2|PronType=Prs 3 nsubj _ _
3 look look VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 11 advcl _ _
4 at at ADP E _ 6 case _ _
5 the the DET RD Definite=Def|PronType=Art 6 det _ _
6 mycelium mycelium NOUN S Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
7 , , PUNCT FF _ 3 punct _ _
8 they they PRON PE Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 11 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
9 're be AUX VA Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 11 cop _ _
10 highly highly ADV B _ 11 advmod _ _
11 branched branch VERB V Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT FS _ 11 punct _ _
cop in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]