cop: copula
The dependency type cop is reserved for a copular auxiliary だ / da.
The auxiliary typically follows a noun phrase to form a copular clause.
A postpositional phrase with a nominative case is commonly needed to complete sentence.
For example, dependencies for 太郎 は 学生 だ 。/ Taro ha gakusei da “Taro is a student.” are as follows.
太郎 は 学生 だ 。 \n Taro TOPIC student COPULA .
nsubj(学生, 太郎)
case(太郎, は)
cop(学生, だ)
punct(学生, 。)
Note that we treat the auxiliary だ / da after adjectives as aux. Therefore dependencies for さくら が きれい だ 。 / sakura ga kirei da “The cherry blossoms are beautiful.” do not include the `cop’ relation.
さくら が きれい だ 。 \n cherry_blossoms NOM beautiful AUX .
nsubj(きれい, さくら)
case(さくら, が)
aux(きれい, だ)
punct(きれい, 。)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Japanese)
This relation is universal.
2052 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
2052 instances of cop (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.49415204678363.
The following 7 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/AUX (1457; 71% instances), ja-pos/VERB-ja-pos/AUX (248; 12% instances), ja-pos/ADJ-ja-pos/AUX (106; 5% instances), ja-pos/PROPN-ja-pos/AUX (98; 5% instances), ja-pos/NUM-ja-pos/AUX (86; 4% instances), ja-pos/ADV-ja-pos/AUX (40; 2% instances), ja-pos/PRON-ja-pos/AUX (17; 1% instances).
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 5 cop color:blue
1 姉 姉 NOUN _ _ 3 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
2 と と ADP _ _ 1 case _ SpaceAfter=No
3 同じ 同じ ADJ _ _ 4 acl _ SpaceAfter=No
4 先生 先生 NOUN _ _ 10 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
5 だっ だ AUX _ _ 4 cop _ SpaceAfter=No
6 た た AUX _ _ 4 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
7 ので ので SCONJ _ _ 4 mark _ SpaceAfter=No
8 、 、 PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
9 話 話 NOUN _ _ 10 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
10 やすかっ やすい ADJ _ _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
11 た た AUX _ _ 10 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
12 です だ AUX _ _ 10 cop _ SpaceAfter=No
13 。 。 PUNCT _ _ 10 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
# visual-style 24 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 24 fgColor:white
# visual-style 21 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 21 fgColor:white
# visual-style 21 24 cop color:blue
1 人 人 NOUN _ _ 5 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
2 を を ADP _ _ 1 case _ SpaceAfter=No
3 人 人 NOUN _ _ 5 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
4 と と ADP _ _ 3 case _ SpaceAfter=No
5 し する VERB _ _ 7 acl _ SpaceAfter=No
6 て て SCONJ _ _ 5 mark _ SpaceAfter=No
7 思わ 思う VERB _ _ 16 acl _ SpaceAfter=No
8 ない ない AUX _ _ 7 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
9 ような ようだ AUX _ _ 7 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
10 , , PUNCT _ _ 7 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
11 尋常 尋常 ADJ _ _ 16 acl _ SpaceAfter=No
12 で だ AUX _ _ 11 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
13 は は ADP _ _ 11 case _ SpaceAfter=No
14 ない ない AUX _ _ 11 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
15 この この ADJ _ _ 16 det _ SpaceAfter=No
16 現実 現実 NOUN _ _ 21 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
17 を を ADP _ _ 16 case _ SpaceAfter=No
18 みなさん みなさん PRON _ _ 21 iobj _ SpaceAfter=No
19 に に ADP _ _ 18 case _ SpaceAfter=No
20 お お NOUN _ _ 21 amod _ SpaceAfter=No
21 伝えし 伝える VERB _ _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
22 たい たい AUX _ _ 21 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
23 の の PART _ _ 21 mark _ SpaceAfter=No
24 です だ AUX _ _ 21 cop _ SpaceAfter=No
25 。 。 PUNCT _ _ 21 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
# visual-style 12 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 12 fgColor:white
# visual-style 10 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 10 fgColor:white
# visual-style 10 12 cop color:blue
1 姉 姉 NOUN _ _ 3 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
2 と と ADP _ _ 1 case _ SpaceAfter=No
3 同じ 同じ ADJ _ _ 4 acl _ SpaceAfter=No
4 先生 先生 NOUN _ _ 10 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
5 だっ だ AUX _ _ 4 cop _ SpaceAfter=No
6 た た AUX _ _ 4 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
7 ので ので SCONJ _ _ 4 mark _ SpaceAfter=No
8 、 、 PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
9 話 話 NOUN _ _ 10 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
10 やすかっ やすい ADJ _ _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
11 た た AUX _ _ 10 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
12 です だ AUX _ _ 10 cop _ SpaceAfter=No
13 。 。 PUNCT _ _ 10 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
Treebank Statistics (UD_Japanese-KTC)
This relation is universal.
2374 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
2373 instances of cop (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.47304128053917.
The following 8 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/AUX (2034; 86% instances), ja-pos/VERB-ja-pos/AUX (216; 9% instances), ja-pos/ADJ-ja-pos/AUX (61; 3% instances), ja-pos/PROPN-ja-pos/AUX (22; 1% instances), ja-pos/DET-ja-pos/AUX (20; 1% instances), ja-pos/PRON-ja-pos/AUX (12; 1% instances), ja-pos/ADV-ja-pos/AUX (5; 0% instances), ja-pos/NUM-ja-pos/AUX (4; 0% instances).
# visual-style 32 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 32 fgColor:white
# visual-style 31 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 31 fgColor:white
# visual-style 31 32 cop color:blue
1 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 31 nmod _ Offset=0-4
2 _ _ ADP ADP _ 1 case _ Offset=4-5
3 _ 因る VERB VERB _ 2 mwe _ Offset=5-7
4 _ _ SCONJ SCONJ _ 2 mwe _ Offset=7-8
5 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 1 punct _ Offset=8-9
6 _ _ NUM NUM _ 7 nummod _ Offset=9-10
7 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 13 nmod _ Offset=10-11
8 _ モスクワ-Moskva PROPN PROPN _ 13 nmod _ Offset=11-15
9 _ _ ADP ADP _ 8 case _ Offset=15-16
10 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 11 compound _ Offset=16-18
11 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 13 dobj _ Offset=18-20
12 _ _ ADP ADP _ 11 case _ Offset=20-21
13 _ _ VERB VERB _ 18 acl _ Offset=21-23
14 _ 為る AUX AUX _ 13 aux _ Offset=23-24
15 _ _ AUX AUX _ 13 aux _ Offset=24-25
16 _ グラチョフ-外国 PROPN PROPN _ 18 compound _ Offset=25-30
17 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 18 compound _ Offset=30-32
18 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 28 nsubj _ Offset=32-33
19 _ _ ADP ADP _ 18 case _ Offset=33-34
20 _ モスクワ-Moskva PROPN PROPN _ 21 compound _ Offset=34-38
21 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 23 dobj _ Offset=38-40
22 _ _ ADP ADP _ 21 case _ Offset=40-41
23 _ _ VERB VERB _ 28 advcl _ Offset=41-43
24 _ 為る AUX AUX _ 23 aux _ Offset=43-44
25 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 23 punct _ Offset=44-45
26 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 28 iobj _ Offset=45-47
27 _ _ ADP ADP _ 26 case _ Offset=47-48
28 _ 留まる VERB VERB _ 31 acl _ Offset=48-52
29 _ _ SCONJ SCONJ _ 28 mark _ Offset=52-53
30 _ 居る AUX AUX _ 28 aux _ Offset=53-55
31 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 0 root _ Offset=55-57
32 _ _ AUX AUX _ 31 cop _ Offset=57-58
33 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 31 punct _ Offset=58-59
# visual-style 16 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 16 fgColor:white
# visual-style 12 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 12 fgColor:white
# visual-style 12 16 cop color:blue
1 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 5 nsubj _ Offset=0-3
2 _ _ ADP ADP _ 1 case _ Offset=3-4
3 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 5 dobj _ Offset=4-6
4 _ _ ADP ADP _ 3 case _ Offset=6-7
5 _ _ VERB VERB _ 12 advcl _ Offset=7-9
6 _ 為る AUX AUX _ 5 aux _ Offset=9-10
7 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 5 punct _ Offset=10-11
8 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 12 nsubj _ Offset=11-14
9 _ _ ADP ADP _ 8 case _ Offset=14-15
10 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 12 iobj _ Offset=15-17
11 _ _ ADP ADP _ 10 case _ Offset=17-18
12 _ _ VERB VERB _ 0 root _ Offset=18-20
13 _ 為る AUX AUX _ 12 aux _ Offset=20-21
14 _ _ AUX AUX _ 12 aux _ Offset=21-22
15 _ _ SCONJ SCONJ _ 12 mark _ Offset=22-23
16 _ _ AUX AUX _ 12 cop _ Offset=23-24
17 _ _ SCONJ SCONJ _ 12 mark _ Offset=24-26
18 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 12 punct _ Offset=26-27
# visual-style 22 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 22 fgColor:white
# visual-style 18 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 18 fgColor:white
# visual-style 18 22 cop color:blue
1 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 5 iobj _ Offset=0-2
2 _ _ ADP ADP _ 1 case _ Offset=2-3
3 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 5 dobj _ Offset=3-4
4 _ _ ADP ADP _ 3 case _ Offset=4-5
5 _ _ VERB VERB _ 8 acl _ Offset=5-8
6 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 7 compound _ Offset=8-10
7 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 8 compound _ Offset=10-12
8 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 18 nsubj _ Offset=12-13
9 _ _ ADP ADP _ 8 case _ Offset=13-14
10 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 14 punct _ Offset=14-15
11 _ スーパー-super NOUN NOUN _ 13 compound _ Offset=15-19
12 _ タイラ PART PART _ 13 case _ Offset=19-20
13 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 14 compound _ Offset=20-22
14 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 18 nmod _ Offset=22-24
15 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 14 punct _ Offset=24-25
16 _ _ ADP ADP _ 14 case _ Offset=25-26
17 _ _ ADP ADP _ 14 case _ Offset=26-27
18 _ 御洒落 ADJ ADJ _ 0 root _ Offset=27-31
19 _ だ AUX AUX _ 18 aux _ Offset=31-32
20 _ 無い AUX AUX _ 18 neg _ Offset=32-34
21 _ _ SCONJ SCONJ _ 18 mark _ Offset=34-35
22 _ _ AUX AUX _ 18 cop _ Offset=35-36
23 _ そう-伝聞 AUX AUX _ 18 aux _ Offset=36-38
24 _ _ AUX AUX _ 18 aux _ Offset=38-39
25 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 18 punct _ Offset=39-40
cop in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]