cop: copula
A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and
the copular verb. Copular heads are avoided when possible. For more on the cop relation, see the universal dependency description (u-dep/cop)
Bill est un homme honnête \n Bill is an honest man
cop(homme, est)
nsubj(homme, Bill)
amod(homme, honnête)
det(homme, un)
The cop relation can be found in FrenchSpoken:
c' est une jeune fille pauvre \n it's a poor girl
cop(fille,est)
nsubj(fille,c')
In some corpora of the current French treebank, the following verbs are treated as copular ones: être, devenir, rester, demeurer, as well as in some constructions appeler, intituler, nommer, réputer, élir However note that not all corpora of the French treebank treat the same verbs as copulas. For example, FrenchSpoken annotates devenir like a regular verb.
il devient le sherpa du président \n he becomes the president's sherpa
nsubj(devient,il)
obj(devient,sherpa)
Treebank Statistics (UD_French)
This relation is universal.
4781 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
4725 instances of cop (99%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.13867391759046.
The following 13 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/AUX (2827; 59% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/AUX (1470; 31% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/AUX (222; 5% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/AUX (139; 3% instances), fr-pos/ADV-fr-pos/AUX (43; 1% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/AUX (33; 1% instances), fr-pos/NUM-fr-pos/AUX (27; 1% instances), fr-pos/SYM-fr-pos/AUX (11; 0% instances), fr-pos/ADP-fr-pos/AUX (3; 0% instances), fr-pos/X-fr-pos/AUX (3; 0% instances), fr-pos/DET-fr-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/INTJ-fr-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/PART-fr-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances).
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1 C' ce PRON _ Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Dem 9 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
2 est être AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 9 cop _ _
3 véritablement véritablement ADV _ _ 9 advmod _ _
4 pour pour ADP _ _ 7 case _ _
5 le le DET _ Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 7 det _ _
6 futur futur ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 7 amod _ _
7 baptisé baptiser VERB _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 9 obl _ _
8 un un DET _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 9 det _ _
9 changement changement NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
10 de de ADP _ _ 11 case _ _
11 cap cap NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT _ _ 9 punct _ _
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1 Il il PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 4 nsubj _ _
2 ne ne ADV _ Polarity=Neg 4 advmod _ _
3 sera être AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin 4 cop _ _
4 présent présent ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
5 que que ADV _ _ 10 advmod _ _
6 durant durant ADP _ _ 10 case _ _
7 les le DET _ Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art 10 det _ _
8 10 10 NUM _ _ 10 nummod _ _
9 premières premier ADJ _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 10 amod _ _
10 parties partie NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 4 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ _
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1 Qu' que PRON _ _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
2 est être AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 1 cop _ SpaceAfter=No
3 -ce ce PRON _ Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Dem 1 expl _ _
4 qui qui PRON _ _ 3 fixed _ _
5 va aller AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 aux _ _
6 augmenter augmenter VERB _ VerbForm=Inf 3 acl:relcl _ _
7 ? ? PUNCT _ _ 1 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_French-ParTUT)
This relation is universal.
196 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
182 instances of cop (93%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.27040816326531.
The following 7 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/AUX (92; 47% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/AUX (84; 43% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/AUX (13; 7% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/AUX (3; 2% instances), fr-pos/ADV-fr-pos/AUX (2; 1% instances), fr-pos/DET-fr-pos/AUX (1; 1% instances), fr-pos/NUM-fr-pos/AUX (1; 1% instances).
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1 C' ce PRON PD PronType=Dem 3 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
2 est être AUX VA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 cop _ _
3 important important ADJ A Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
4 . . PUNCT FS _ 3 punct _ _
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1 Madame madame NOUN S Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 8 vocative _ _
2 la le DET RD Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 3 det _ _
3 présidente président NOUN S Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 1 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
4 , , PUNCT FF _ 1 punct _ _
5 c' ce PRON PD PronType=Dem 8 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
6 est être AUX VA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 cop _ _
7 une un DET RI Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 8 det _ _
8 motion motion NOUN S Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
9 de de ADP E _ 10 case _ _
10 procédure procédure NOUN S Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 8 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT FS _ 8 punct _ _
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1 C' ce PRON PD PronType=Dem 3 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
2 est être AUX VA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 cop _ _
3 ce ce PRON PD Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Dem 0 root _ _
4 que que PRON PR PronType=Rel 6 obj _ _
5 nous nous PRON PE Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 6 nsubj _ _
6 demandons demander VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 acl:relcl _ _
7 aujourd'hui aujourd'hui ADV B _ 6 advmod _ _
8 à à ADP E _ 10 case _ _
9 le le DET RD Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 10 det _ _
10 commissaire commissaire NOUN S Number=Sing 6 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT FS _ 3 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_French-Sequoia)
This relation is universal.
594 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
570 instances of cop (96%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.15824915824916.
The following 7 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/AUX (266; 45% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/AUX (261; 44% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/AUX (30; 5% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/AUX (21; 4% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/AUX (11; 2% instances), fr-pos/ADV-fr-pos/AUX (3; 1% instances), fr-pos/ADP-fr-pos/AUX (2; 0% instances).
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1 Angiox Angiox PROPN _ _ 4 nsubj _ _
2 est être AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 cop _ _
3 un un DET _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 4 det _ _
4 anticoagulant anticoagulant NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
5 ; ; PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ _
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1 Le le DET _ Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 2 det _ _
2 comité comité NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _
3 est être AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 cop _ _
4 inchangé inchangé ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
5 : : PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ _
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1 L' le DET _ Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 2 det _ SpaceAfter=No
2 idée idée NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _
3 serait être AUX _ Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 cop _ _
4 de de ADP _ _ 5 mark _ _
5 trouver trouver VERB _ VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _
6 un un DET _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 7 det _ _
7 pays pays NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 obj _ _
8 tiers tier ADJ _ _ 7 amod _ _
9 qui qui PRON _ PronType=Rel 10 nsubj _ _
10 rachèterait racheter VERB _ Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 acl:relcl _ _
11 les le DET _ Definite=Def|Number=Plur|PronType=Art 12 det _ _
12 frégates frégate NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 10 obj _ _
13 maudites maudit ADJ _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 12 amod _ SpaceAfter=No
14 . . PUNCT _ _ 5 punct _ _
cop in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]