cop: copula
A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb a fi (only). (We normally take a copula as a dependent of its complement.)
Maria este fericită . \n Maria is happy .
cop(fericită, este)
All other copula verbs are heads of clauses and their complements are in xcomp relation to them:
Maria a devenit designer . \n Mary has become designer .
xcomp(devenit, designer)
When the copula verb has auxiliaries, they are also dependents of the lexical predicate:
Maria va fi campioană . \n Mary will be champion .
cop(campioană, fi)
aux(campioană, va)
When the complement of the copula verb a fi is a clause, the copula is the head, and the subordinate clause is in ccomp relation with it:
ROOT Noi suntem cum ne știi . \n We are how us know-you .
root(ROOT, suntem)
ccomp(suntem, știi)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Romanian)
This relation is universal.
1975 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
1862 instances of cop (94%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.76455696202532.
The following 10 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: ro-pos/NOUN-ro-pos/AUX (721; 37% instances), ro-pos/ADJ-ro-pos/AUX (589; 30% instances), ro-pos/VERB-ro-pos/AUX (264; 13% instances), ro-pos/ADV-ro-pos/AUX (251; 13% instances), ro-pos/PRON-ro-pos/AUX (78; 4% instances), ro-pos/NUM-ro-pos/AUX (29; 1% instances), ro-pos/ADP-ro-pos/AUX (27; 1% instances), ro-pos/PROPN-ro-pos/AUX (13; 1% instances), ro-pos/DET-ro-pos/AUX (2; 0% instances), ro-pos/SYM-ro-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances).
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1 Scrisul scris NOUN Ncmsry Case=Acc,Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ _
2 în în ADP Spsa AdpType=Prep|Case=Acc 3 case _ _
3 sine sine PRON Px3--a--------s Case=Acc|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes|Strength=Strong 1 amod _ _
4 era fi AUX Vmii3s Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 6 cop _ _
5 o un DET Tifsr Case=Acc,Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 6 det _ _
6 treabă treabă NOUN Ncfsrn Case=Acc,Nom|Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
7 ușoară ușor ADJ Afpfsrn Case=Acc,Nom|Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 6 amod _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT PERIOD _ 6 punct _ _
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1 Aproape aproape ADV Rgp Degree=Pos 2 advmod _ _
2 toți tot DET Di3mpr Case=Acc,Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Ind 3 det _ _
3 copiii copil NOUN Ncmpry Case=Acc,Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 9 nsubj _ _
4 din din ADP Spsa AdpType=Prep|Case=Acc 5 case _ _
5 ziua zi NOUN Ncfsry Case=Acc,Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 3 nmod _ _
6 de de ADP Spsa AdpType=Prep|Case=Acc 7 case _ _
7 azi azi ADV Rgp Degree=Pos 5 advmod _ _
8 erau fi AUX Vmii3p Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 9 cop _ _
9 îngrozitori îngrozitor ADJ Afpmp-n Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT PERIOD _ 9 punct _ _
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1 În în ADP Spsa AdpType=Prep|Case=Acc 7 advmod _ _
2 realitate realitate NOUN Ncfsrn Case=Acc,Nom|Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 1 fixed _ SpaceAfter=No
3 , , PUNCT COMMA _ 2 punct _ _
4 nici nici ADV Rz PronType=Neg 7 advmod _ _
5 nu nu PART Qz Polarity=Neg 7 advmod _ _
6 era fi AUX Vaii3s Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 7 cop _ _
7 obișnuit obișnui VERB Vmp--sm Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _
8 să să PART Qs Mood=Sub 9 mark _ _
9 scrie scrie VERB Vmsp3 Mood=Sub|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 ccomp:pmod _ _
10 de de ADP Spsa AdpType=Prep|Case=Acc 11 case _ _
11 mână mână NOUN Ncfsrn Case=Acc,Nom|Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 9 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT PERIOD _ 7 punct _ _
cop in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]