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cop: copula

Warning: DRAFT

A copula verb is a linking verb that joins a subject with a predicate. Copular clauses receive a special treatment. The predicative acts as the head word of the clause, and the copular verb depends on it using a cop (copula) dependency. The cop relation is only applied when the verb is used to link a subject to its predicate (although the subject may be left out).

The full list of copula verbs is as follows:

If the morphological analyser used outputs an е- copula in aorist third person then this is attached as a leaf node.

Бұл ойын <ø . \n It game is . 
cop(ойын-2, <ø-3)
nsubj(ойын-2, Бұл-1)
punct(ойын-2, .-4)

If the copula is not third person it has overt person marking:

Мен студент <пін . \n I student am .
cop(студент-2, <пін-3)
nsubj(студент-2, Мен-1)
punct(студент-2, .-4)

In the past it surfaces as еді-:

Бірақ кеше өте суық еді ! \n But yesterday very cold was-it !
advmod(суық-4, өте-3)
cop(суық-4, еді-5)

Use of “бол” without a predicate:

Эрте заманда Эрназар деген киши болуптур . \n Early time-in Ernazar called person was .

Use of “бол” without subject or predicate:

Шылым шегуге болмайды . \n Cigarette smoking is-allowed-not .

Warning: DRAFT


Treebank Statistics (UD_Kazakh)

This relation is universal.

23 nodes (4%) are attached to their parents as cop.

23 instances of cop (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child). Average distance between parent and child is 1.17391304347826.

The following 4 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: kk-pos/NOUN-kk-pos/AUX (10; 43% instances), kk-pos/VERB-kk-pos/AUX (8; 35% instances), kk-pos/ADJ-kk-pos/AUX (4; 17% instances), kk-pos/PRON-kk-pos/AUX (1; 4% instances).

# visual-style 9	bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 8	bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 8 9 cop	color:blue
1	Бірақ	бірақ	CCONJ	cnjcoo	_	4	cc	_	_
2	тілек	тілек	NOUN	n	Case=Nom	4	nsubj	_	_
3	іске	іске	X	x	_	4	dep	_	_
4	аспай	ас	VERB	v	Aspect=Perf|Polarity=Neg|VerbForm=Conv	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	cm	_	4	punct	_	_
6	аяғы	аяқ	NOUN	n	Case=Nom|Number[psor]=Plur,Sing|Person[psor]=3	7	nsubj	_	_
7	жоқ	жоқ	ADJ	adj	_	8	acl:relcl	_	_
8	жыр	жыр	NOUN	n	Case=Nom	0	root	_	_
9	болды	бол	AUX	v	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	sent	_	8	punct	_	_

# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
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1	Шешуі	шеш	VERB	v	Case=Nom|Number[psor]=Plur,Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Ger	3	xcomp	_	_
2	деп	деп	X	x	_	3	dep	_	_
3	атауға	ата	VERB	v	Case=Dat|VerbForm=Ger	4	ccomp	_	_
4	болатын	бол	VERB	v	Aspect=Imp|VerbForm=Part	10	advcl	_	_
5	болса	бол	AUX	v	Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Conv	4	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	cm	_	5	punct	_	_
7	адамның	адам	NOUN	n	Case=Gen	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	шешуі	шеш	VERB	v	Case=Nom|Number[psor]=Plur,Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Ger	10	nsubj	_	_
9	жалғыз	жалғыз	ADJ	adj	_	10	amod	_	_
10	өлім	өлім	NOUN	n	Case=Nom	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	sent	_	10	punct	_	_

# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 6	bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 6 7 cop	color:blue
1	Бес	бес	NUM	num	NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	жылдың	жыл	NOUN	n	Case=Gen	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	ішінде	іш	NOUN	n	Case=Loc|Number[psor]=Plur,Sing|Person[psor]=3	6	obl	_	_
4	үш	үш	NUM	num	NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	баласы	бала	NOUN	n	Case=Nom|Number[psor]=Plur,Sing|Person[psor]=3	6	nsubj	_	_
6	бар	бар	ADJ	adj	_	0	root	_	_
7	еді	е	AUX	cop	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	sent	_	6	punct	_	_
9	екеуі	екеу	NUM	num	Case=Nom|Number[psor]=Plur,Sing|NumType=Coll|Person[psor]=3	10	nsubj	_	_
10	ұл	ұл	NOUN	n	Case=Nom	6	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	cm	_	10	punct	_	_
12	біреуі	біреу	NUM	num	Case=Nom|Number[psor]=Plur,Sing|NumType=Coll|Person[psor]=3	13	nsubj	_	_
13	қыз	қыз	NOUN	n	Case=Nom	6	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	sent	_	13	punct	_	_


cop in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]