cop: copula
In copular clauses, the predicative acts as the head word of the clause, and the copular verb depends on it using a cop (copula) dependency. The only copular verb in the scheme for Greek is είμαι (be).
Η ρευστότητα ήταν φλέγον ζήτημα .
nsubj(ζήτημα, ρευστότητα)
cop(ζήτημα, ήταν)
Η ρευστότητα ήταν χαμηλή .
nsubj(χαμηλή, ρευστότητα)
cop(χαμηλή, ήταν)
Ήταν από την Κρήτη .
cop(Κρήτη, Ήταν)
Ο Νίκος είναι πάνω .
nsubj(πάνω, Νίκος)
cop(πάνω, είναι)
The same label is used in Greek sentences (often in informal discourse or headlines), where deletion of είμαι may occur.
Φοβερό το γλυκό .
nsubj(Φοβερό, γλυκό)
Αμφίβολη η συμμετοχή της Γαλλίας .
nsubj(συμμετοχή, Αμφίβολη)
Whenever the copula has a clausal argument, ccomp is used, with the copula being the head.
Αυτό που μας ενδιαφέρει είναι να μην κινδυνέψουν
ccomp(είναι, κινδυνέψουν)
nsubj(είναι, Αυτό)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Greek)
This relation is universal.
437 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
380 instances of cop (87%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.09153318077803.
The following 8 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: el-pos/ADJ-el-pos/AUX (215; 49% instances), el-pos/NOUN-el-pos/AUX (166; 38% instances), el-pos/VERB-el-pos/AUX (28; 6% instances), el-pos/PRON-el-pos/AUX (11; 3% instances), el-pos/ADV-el-pos/AUX (8; 2% instances), el-pos/NUM-el-pos/AUX (6; 1% instances), el-pos/X-el-pos/AUX (2; 0% instances), el-pos/PROPN-el-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances).
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1 Τα ο DET DET Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art 3 det _ _
2 πρώτα πρώτα NUM NUM Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|NumType=Ord 3 nummod _ _
3 αποτελέσματα αποτέλεσμα NOUN NOUN Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur 6 nsubj _ _
4 είναι είμαι AUX AUX Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass 6 cop _ _
5 ήδη ήδη ADV ADV _ 6 advmod _ _
6 ορατά ορατός ADJ ADJ Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
7 . . PUNCT PUNCT _ 6 punct _ _
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1 Η ο DET DET Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 2 det _ _
2 Νικήσιανη Νικήσιανη PROPN PROPN Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _
3 είναι είμαι AUX AUX Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass 5 cop _ _
4 η ο DET DET Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 5 det _ _
5 έδρα έδρα NOUN NOUN Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
6 του ο DET DET Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 7 det _ _
7 Δήμου Δήμος NOUN NOUN Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ _
8 Παγγαίου Παγγαίο PROPN PROPN Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 7 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
9 . . PUNCT PUNCT _ 5 punct _ _
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1 Όλες όλος ADJ ADJ Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _
2 τους μου PRON PRON Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 1 nmod _ _
3 έχουν έχω VERB VERB Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
4 καταγάλανα καταγάλανος ADJ ADJ Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur 5 amod _ _
5 νερά νερό NOUN NOUN Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur 3 obj _ _
6 και και CCONJ CCONJ _ 8 cc _ _
7 είναι είμαι AUX AUX Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass 8 cop _ _
8 πνιγμένες πνίγω VERB VERB Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 3 conj _ _
9 στο στου ADP ADP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 10 case _ _
10 πράσινο πράσινο NOUN NOUN Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 8 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT PUNCT _ 3 punct _ _
cop in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]