cop: copula
A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb være “to be”. The copula is treated as a dependent of the lexical verb.
Det er ovnsbakt piggvar \n It is ovenbaked turbot
cop(piggvar, er)
This analysis entails that in copula clauses, the main predicate is not verbal, but rather an adjectival or even nominal (as in the above example).
Note that there are occurrences of være “to be” which do not give rise to a copula analysis, such as in cleft constructions (see expl).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Norwegian-Bokmaal)
This relation is universal.
6547 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as cop.
6324 instances of cop (97%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.27356040934779.
The following 11 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: no-pos/ADJ-no-pos/AUX (2947; 45% instances), no-pos/NOUN-no-pos/AUX (2422; 37% instances), no-pos/VERB-no-pos/AUX (336; 5% instances), no-pos/PRON-no-pos/AUX (243; 4% instances), no-pos/ADV-no-pos/AUX (179; 3% instances), no-pos/PROPN-no-pos/AUX (144; 2% instances), no-pos/ADP-no-pos/AUX (138; 2% instances), no-pos/DET-no-pos/AUX (90; 1% instances), no-pos/NUM-no-pos/AUX (46; 1% instances), no-pos/CCONJ-no-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances), no-pos/INTJ-no-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances).
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1 Det det PRON _ Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 3 nsubj _ _
2 var være AUX _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 cop _ _
3 grusomt grusom ADJ _ Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
4 å å PART _ _ 5 mark _ _
5 høre høre VERB _ VerbForm=Inf 3 advcl _ _
6 på på ADP _ _ 5 compound:prt _ SpaceAfter=No
7 . $. PUNCT _ _ 3 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
8 » $" PUNCT _ _ 3 punct _ _
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1 Thomassen Thomassen PROPN _ _ 4 nsubj _ _
2 er være AUX _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 cop _ _
3 på på ADP _ _ 4 case _ _
4 vei vei NOUN _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
5 til til ADP _ _ 8 case _ _
6 sin sin DET _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 8 nmod _ _
7 neste neste DET _ Definite=Def|PronType=Dem 8 det _ _
8 gjerning gjerning NOUN _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
9 . $. PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ _
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1 De de PRON _ Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 5 nsubj _ _
2 er være AUX _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 cop _ _
3 hva hva PRON _ PronType=Int 5 xcomp _ _
4 vi vi PRON _ Animacy=Hum|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 5 nsubj _ _
5 blir bli VERB _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
6 : $: PUNCT _ _ 5 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Norwegian-Nynorsk)
This relation is universal.
6458 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as cop.
6247 instances of cop (97%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.29002787240632.
The following 10 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: no-pos/ADJ-no-pos/AUX (2780; 43% instances), no-pos/NOUN-no-pos/AUX (2532; 39% instances), no-pos/VERB-no-pos/AUX (342; 5% instances), no-pos/ADV-no-pos/AUX (205; 3% instances), no-pos/PRON-no-pos/AUX (200; 3% instances), no-pos/ADP-no-pos/AUX (179; 3% instances), no-pos/DET-no-pos/AUX (89; 1% instances), no-pos/PROPN-no-pos/AUX (84; 1% instances), no-pos/NUM-no-pos/AUX (43; 1% instances), no-pos/X-no-pos/AUX (4; 0% instances).
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1 Dette dette PRON _ Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 4 obj _ _
2 har ha AUX _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 aux _ _
3 eg eg PRON _ Animacy=Hum|Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 4 nsubj _ _
4 lært lære VERB _ VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _
5 av av ADP _ _ 6 case _ _
6 søstra søster NOUN _ Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 4 obl _ _
7 mi min DET _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 6 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
8 , $, PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ _
9 og og CCONJ _ _ 13 cc _ _
10 det det PRON _ Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 13 nsubj _ _
11 er vere AUX _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 13 cop _ _
12 heilt heil ADJ _ Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 13 advmod _ _
13 genialt genial ADJ _ Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 4 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
14 . $. PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ _
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1 Kyllingkjøtdeig kyllingkjøtdeig NOUN _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _
2 er vere AUX _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 cop _ _
3 ofte ofte ADJ _ Degree=Pos 5 advmod _ _
4 på på ADP _ _ 5 case _ _
5 tilbod tilbod NOUN _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
6 , $, PUNCT _ _ 5 punct _ _
7 og og CCONJ _ _ 12 cc _ _
8 er vere AUX _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 12 cop _ _
9 proteinrik proteinrik ADJ _ Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 12 amod _ _
10 og og CCONJ _ _ 11 cc _ _
11 god god ADJ _ Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 9 conj _ _
12 mat mat NOUN _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . $. PUNCT _ _ 5 punct _ _
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1 Utfordringa utfordring NOUN _ Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _
2 er vere AUX _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 cop _ _
3 at at SCONJ _ _ 5 mark _ _
4 brød brød NOUN _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ _
5 held halde VERB _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
6 seg seg PRON _ Case=Acc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs 5 obj _ _
7 ikkje ikkje ADV _ Polarity=Neg 5 advmod _ _
8 ferske fersk ADJ _ Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 1 acl _ _
9 så så ADV _ _ 10 advmod _ _
10 lenge lenge ADJ _ Degree=Pos 5 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . $. PUNCT _ _ 5 punct _ _
cop in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]