expl: expletive
This relation captures expletive nominals. These are nominals that appear in an argument position of a predicate but which do not themselves satisfy any of the semantic roles of the predicate. The main predicate of the clause (the verb or predicate adjective or noun) is the governor.
For Norwegian, the expletive element is expressed using the neuter pronoun det “it” and the expl relation is used for both expletive subjects and objects.
#####Presentational construction In Norwegian expletives occur in the presentational construction, which involves an expletive subject, an active verb and an indefinite subject (en debatt “a debate” in the example below).
Det eksisterer allerede en debatt \n There already exists a debate
expl(eksisterer-2,Det-1)
nsubj(eksisterer-2,debatt-5)
#####Impersonal passive Norwegian employs the impersonal passive construction, where there is an expletive subject and the underlying subject is unexpressed.
Senere har det blitt fremsatt flere forslag \n Later has there been proposed several suggestions
expl(fremsatt,det)
#####Clause-anticipating constructions These constructions contain a finite or non-finite clause which semantically may be regarded as the subject, but where the subject position is occupied by an expletive.
Det er ønskelig at utvalget arbeider i dialog \n It is desirable that the committee works in dialogue
expl(ønskelig-3,Det-1)
csubj(ønskelig-3,arbeider-6)
Det er en offentlig oppgave å bidra økonomisk \n It is a public duty to contribute financially
expl(oppgave-5,Det-1)
csubj(oppgave-5,bidra-7)
We also find clause-anticipating constructions with expletive objects.
Retten finner det bevist at han handlet forsettlig \n The court finds it proven that he acted intentionally
expl(finner-2,det-3)
ccomp(finner-2,handlet-7)
#####Clefts Clefts are quite common in Norwegian. They contain an expletive subject, a form of være “to be” and a relative clause. Note that in clefts we do not adopt a copula analysis of the verb være “er”.
Det er forholdsvis få arter som har klart å tilpasse seg \n There are quite few species that have managed to adapt
expl(er-2,Det-1)
acl:relcl(arter-5,klart-8)
#####References Kari Kinn, Per Erik Solberg and Pål Kristian Eriksen. NDT Guidelines for Morphological Annotation”. National Library Tech Report.
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Treebank Statistics (UD_Norwegian-Bokmaal)
This relation is universal.
2919 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as expl.
2391 instances of expl (82%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.9564919492977.
The following 12 pairs of parts of speech are connected with expl: no-pos/VERB-no-pos/PRON (1675; 57% instances), no-pos/ADJ-no-pos/PRON (552; 19% instances), no-pos/NOUN-no-pos/PRON (459; 16% instances), no-pos/PRON-no-pos/PRON (83; 3% instances), no-pos/ADV-no-pos/PRON (73; 3% instances), no-pos/PROPN-no-pos/PRON (53; 2% instances), no-pos/DET-no-pos/PRON (8; 0% instances), no-pos/VERB-no-pos/ADV (7; 0% instances), no-pos/NUM-no-pos/PRON (4; 0% instances), no-pos/ADP-no-pos/PRON (3; 0% instances), no-pos/CCONJ-no-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), no-pos/VERB-no-pos/DET (1; 0% instances).
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1 Er være VERB _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
2 det det PRON _ Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 1 expl _ _
3 flere mange ADJ _ Degree=Cmp 4 amod _ _
4 rovdyr rovdyr NOUN _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur 1 nsubj _ _
5 i i ADP _ _ 7 case _ _
6 denne denne DET _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 7 det _ _
7 sak sak NOUN _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 1 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
8 ? $? PUNCT _ _ 1 punct _ _
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1 Risikofritt risikofri ADJ _ Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
2 er være AUX _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 1 cop _ _
3 det det PRON _ Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 1 expl _ _
4 ikke ikke ADV _ Polarity=Neg 1 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
5 . $. PUNCT _ _ 1 punct _ _
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1 Det det PRON _ Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 8 expl _ _
2 er være AUX _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 cop _ _
3 nok nok ADV _ _ 8 advmod _ _
4 heller heller ADV _ _ 8 advmod _ _
5 Frps Frp PROPN _ Abbr=Yes|Case=Gen 8 nmod _ _
6 økte øke ADJ _ Definite=Def|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part 8 amod _ _
7 politiske politisk ADJ _ Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 8 amod _ _
8 kjøttvekt kjøttvekt NOUN _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
9 som som PRON _ PronType=Rel 10 nsubj _ _
10 slår slå VERB _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 acl:relcl _ _
11 ut ut ADP _ _ 10 compound:prt _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . $. PUNCT _ _ 8 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Norwegian-Nynorsk)
This relation is universal.
3197 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as expl.
2606 instances of expl (82%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.9715358148264.
The following 14 pairs of parts of speech are connected with expl: no-pos/VERB-no-pos/PRON (1655; 52% instances), no-pos/ADJ-no-pos/PRON (841; 26% instances), no-pos/NOUN-no-pos/PRON (491; 15% instances), no-pos/ADV-no-pos/PRON (88; 3% instances), no-pos/PRON-no-pos/PRON (69; 2% instances), no-pos/PROPN-no-pos/PRON (25; 1% instances), no-pos/VERB-no-pos/ADV (9; 0% instances), no-pos/DET-no-pos/PRON (7; 0% instances), no-pos/NUM-no-pos/PRON (5; 0% instances), no-pos/ADP-no-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances), no-pos/VERB-no-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), no-pos/ADJ-no-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), no-pos/NOUN-no-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), no-pos/VERB-no-pos/DET (1; 0% instances).
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1 Jaudå jaudå INTJ _ _ 4 discourse _ SpaceAfter=No
2 , $, PUNCT _ _ 1 punct _ _
3 eg eg PRON _ Animacy=Hum|Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 4 nsubj _ _
4 har ha VERB _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
5 det det PRON _ Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 4 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
6 , $, PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ _
7 og og CCONJ _ _ 10 cc _ _
8 den den PRON _ Gender=Fem,Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 nsubj:pass _ _
9 vert verte VERB _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 10 aux:pass _ _
10 brukt bruke ADJ _ Definite=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part 4 conj _ _
11 rett rett ADJ _ Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 10 advmod _ _
12 som som PRON _ PronType=Rel 14 nsubj _ _
13 det det PRON _ Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 14 expl _ _
14 er vere VERB _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 11 advcl _ SpaceAfter=No
15 . $. PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ _
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1 Då då ADV _ _ 4 advmod _ _
2 er vere AUX _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 cop _ _
3 det det PRON _ Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 4 expl _ _
4 viktig viktig ADJ _ Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
5 å å PART _ _ 6 mark _ _
6 ha ha VERB _ VerbForm=Inf 4 csubj _ _
7 eit ein DET _ Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 9 det _ _
8 godt god ADJ _ Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 9 amod _ _
9 brød brød NOUN _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 6 obj _ _
10 å å PART _ _ 11 mark _ _
11 smøre smøre VERB _ VerbForm=Inf 9 acl _ _
12 matpakke matpakke NOUN _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 11 obj _ _
13 av av ADP _ _ 12 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
14 . $. PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ _
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1 - $- PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ _
2 Det det PRON _ Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 4 expl _ _
3 er vere AUX _ Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 cop _ _
4 galenskap galenskap NOUN _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
5 å å PART _ _ 6 mark _ _
6 øydeleggja øydeleggje VERB _ VerbForm=Inf 4 csubj _ _
7 ein ein DET _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 8 det _ _
8 økonomi økonomi NOUN _ Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 obj _ _
9 på på ADP _ _ 11 case _ _
10 denne denne DET _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 11 det _ _
11 måten måte NOUN _ Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . $. PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ _
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